Linking Culture and the Environment

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Table 4.3. Conflicting development agendas during the consolidation/stagnation stage (describes a single locality). Agenda Government National/regional a (relates to parent destination’s resort cycle) Local Developer/hoteliers NGOs Mass-tour operators Inhabitants Visibility Low High High Moderate High High Economic Increase foreign exchange/ Maintain growth/ diversification Business survival N/A Maximize profits Improve standard of living diversify economy Environmental High High Emerging High Emerging High priority Social-cultural Medium Medium Low High Low High priority Timeline Medium-long Short-medium Short Long Short Short-medium Support for High High Emerging High Moderate Growing regulations Tourism strategy Sustainability approach Balance tourism development and environmental protection/ diversify tourism product/target ‘quality’ rather than ‘quantity’ tourists Limit incentives/ regulate mass-tourism development/ impose moratoria Support moratoria but oppose limits on mass-tourist development No more tourism development Support regulations to protect product Limit further tourism development Weak Weak Treadmill Strong/ideal Treadmill Weak/strong a In this case it is assumed that national policies are dictated by the overall resort cycle of the hypothetical island and thus remain constant. D. Ioannides 65
66 Sustainable Tourism Development on a ‘Mediterranean Isle’ In the proposed model the first row represents the visibility of each set of stakeholders in the tourist destination. Subsequent rows reflect the economic, environmental and sociocultural priorities of these players, their time perspectives, their level of support for regulatory instruments, their respective attitudes towards tourism development and (where appropriate) their overall views regarding sustainable development. Further, the conceptual model can either apply longitudinally to a single destination as it progresses through its own life cycle, or describe cross-sectionally, for a single point in time, three separate localities (in different parts of the island), each of which has reached a distinct stage of tourism development. It is assumed that, regardless of the level of tourism development at an individual locality, the overriding national and/or regional (island-wide) policies are dictated by the present state of the parent destination’s resort cycle. For instance, while many Mediterranean islands (e.g. Corfu, Crete, Cyprus, Malta, Mallorca and Rhodes) display overall characteristics placing them in the consolidation, stagnation or early rejuvenation stage (Ioannides, 1994; Bruce and Cantallops, 1996; Loukissas and Triantafyllopoulos, 1997), they each contain localities that have not yet taken off as tourist areas. This implies that the national or regional policies often do not dovetail with objectives in individual communities, especially if the latter are still at an early stage of their individual resort cycle. The Exploration/Involvement Stage At this stage, tourism is still underdeveloped (Table 4.1). The Akamas peninsula in north-western Cyprus was in this stage at the beginning of the decade, though it has since witnessed significant growth in the communities located on its fringes. Places which are a better ‘fit’ for this stage include remote communities on some of the more peripheral islands of the northern Aegean (e.g. parts of Lesvos, Limnos and Samos). Certain isolated villages in southern Crete also fit this description (Dagonaki and Kotios, 1998). Various players, among them the local authority and a small number of private investors, gradually realize (partly based on their experiences from other destinations) that tourism can fuel rapid economic growth. Thus, there is pressure by some stakeholders to create an atmosphere conducive to investment for tourism-related activities. The local government is likely to finance or subsidize infrastructural projects (e.g. road, irrigation schemes and airports) and develop incentive packages for attracting private-sector ventures (Andriotis, 2006). Moreover, authorities set up a promotional agency to market the locality. Local land-use and building codes (if they exist) are weak and environmental regulations absent, whereas little attention is paid to national or regional policies. Local concern about the socio-cultural impacts of tourism is also minimal. Likewise, the local inhabitants are excited about the prospects of tourism development and demonstrate little opposition to the sector since they commonly associate it to job generation, wealth creation and ‘progress’ or ‘modernization’. These local players are not too concerned about environmental issues at this stage. They may, in fact, be outright hostile towards any attempts
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TOURISM, RECREATION AND SUSTAINABIL
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TOURISM, RECREATION AND SUSTAINABIL
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Contents Contributors Preface to th
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Contributors Kathleen L. Andereck,
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Preface to the 2nd Edition When we
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1 Introduction: Pathways and Pitfal
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 3 1600
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 5 2. Su
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 7 and t
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 9 cause
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 11 acce
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 13 at h
Page 26 and 27: S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 15 Shum
Page 28 and 29: I Frameworks and Approaches STEPHEN
Page 30 and 31: 2 Recreation Ecology in Sustainable
Page 32 and 33: Y.-F. Leung et al. 21 particularly
Page 34 and 35: Y.-F. Leung et al. 23 the selection
Page 36 and 37: Y.-F. Leung et al. 25 Amount of imp
Page 38 and 39: Table 2.1. Some recent examples of
Page 40 and 41: Y.-F. Leung et al. 29 Experience an
Page 42 and 43: Y.-F. Leung et al. 31 tour operator
Page 44 and 45: Y.-F. Leung et al. 33 References Bl
Page 46 and 47: Y.-F. Leung et al. 35 national park
Page 48 and 49: Y.-F. Leung et al. 37 Wall, G. and
Page 50 and 51: C.P. Dawson 39 the tourism experien
Page 52 and 53: C.P. Dawson 41 ism, sustainable tou
Page 54 and 55: C.P. Dawson 43 With these proposed
Page 56 and 57: Table 3.2. A proposed tourism oppor
Page 58 and 59: C.P. Dawson 47 level of development
Page 60 and 61: C.P. Dawson 49 Eagles, P.F.J. and N
Page 62 and 63: 4 Hypothesizing the Shifting Mosaic
Page 64 and 65: D. Ioannides 53 because ‘to rejec
Page 66 and 67: D. Ioannides 55 related development
Page 68 and 69: D. Ioannides 57 including hotel cha
Page 70 and 71: D. Ioannides 59 the early stages of
Page 72 and 73: D. Ioannides 61 Acknowledging the n
Page 74 and 75: Table 4.1. Conflicting development
Page 78 and 79: D. Ioannides 67 by national or regi
Page 80 and 81: D. Ioannides 69 further development
Page 82 and 83: D. Ioannides 71 can be thought of a
Page 84 and 85: D. Ioannides 73 Issues. Channel Vie
Page 86 and 87: D. Ioannides 75 (ed.) The Tourism A
Page 88 and 89: R.J. Payne et al. 77 Background The
Page 90 and 91: R.J. Payne et al. 79 inland and inc
Page 92 and 93: R.J. Payne et al. 81 economic, soci
Page 94 and 95: R.J. Payne et al. 83 auditing focus
Page 96 and 97: R.J. Payne et al. 85 traditional kn
Page 98 and 99: R.J. Payne et al. 87 North Communit
Page 100 and 101: R.J. Payne et al. 89 Table 5.2. For
Page 102 and 103: Table 5.4. Underlying attitudinal d
Page 104 and 105: R.J. Payne et al. 93 dimensions and
Page 106 and 107: R.J. Payne et al. 95 and tourists.
Page 108 and 109: R.J. Payne et al. 97 Ottawa, Parks
Page 110 and 111: R.J. Payne et al. 99 Western Lake S
Page 112 and 113: R.J. Payne et al. 101 Customers’
Page 114 and 115: 6 Development and Evaluation of Sus
Page 116 and 117: M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 105 b
Page 118 and 119: M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 107 e
Page 120 and 121: M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 109
Page 122 and 123: M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 111 p
Page 124 and 125: M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 113 b
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M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 115 I
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II Tourism, Place and Community R.
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R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 119 to
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7 From ‘Guiding Fiction’ to Act
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A. Gill and P.W. Williams 123 Decli
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A. Gill and P.W. Williams 125 Curre
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A. Gill and P.W. Williams 127 these
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A. Gill and P.W. Williams 129 cal [
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8 Destination and Place Branding: a
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U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 133 binat
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U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 135 The m
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U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 137 their
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U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 139 Exist
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U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 141 Fan,
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J.L. Meyer 143 contrast, is an inta
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J.L. Meyer 145 integral to the fiel
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J.L. Meyer 147 summer of wildfires
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J.L. Meyer 149 affection is for thi
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J.L. Meyer 151 These studies reveal
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J.L. Meyer 153 Rockies’ gold rush
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J.L. Meyer 155 References Barbee, R
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J.L. Meyer 157 Schullery, P. (1980)
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R.E. Mitchell 159 Defining sustaina
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R.E. Mitchell 161 Building upon thi
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R.E. Mitchell 163 both culturally a
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R.E. Mitchell 165 accommodation on
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R.E. Mitchell 167 travel agencies a
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R.E. Mitchell 169 somewhat in 1997
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R.E. Mitchell 171 over the right to
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R.E. Mitchell 173 Impacts The surve
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R.E. Mitchell 175 Terrorism: severa
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R.E. Mitchell 177 would prefer tour
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R.E. Mitchell 179 Dense socio-polit
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R.E. Mitchell 181 References Arnste
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11 Local Participation and Attainin
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K. Horochowski and R.N. Moisey 185
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III Emerging Issues in Culture and
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12 Tourism and Poverty Alleviation:
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Dr A. Spenceley 199 Poverty tourism
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Dr A. Spenceley 201 developing coun
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Dr A. Spenceley 203 Similarly, gene
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Dr A. Spenceley 205 by tourism comp
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Dr A. Spenceley 207 Although some o
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Dr A. Spenceley 209 Tourism Benefit
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Dr A. Spenceley 211 The third examp
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Table 12.7. Increasing participatio
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Dr A. Spenceley 215 They recommend
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Dr A. Spenceley 217 Goodwin, H. and
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Dr A. Spenceley 219 United Nations/
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R. Staiff 221 the Management Plan 2
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R. Staiff 223 research to national
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R. Staiff 225 within the orbit of
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R. Staiff 227 The extensive calligr
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R. Staiff 229 crafted details posit
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R. Staiff 231 8 In a provocative es
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R. Staiff 233 determinism) is polit
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R. Staiff 235 Rojek, C. and Urry, J
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K.L. Andereck and N.G. McGehee 237
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Table 14.1. Tourism attitude items
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 261 ment age
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 263 and in t
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 265 Bank, an
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 267 Educatio
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 269 healthy
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 271 1 4 Good
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 273 communit
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 275 The Aust
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 277 Notes ab
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 279 prepared
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 281 from the
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16 Sustainable Tourism in the 21st
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R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 285 tou
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R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 287 Not
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R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 289 wha
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R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 291 nat
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Index Aboriginal 220-221, 260-265,
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Index 295 Overseas Development Init
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Linking Culture and the Environment

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