Linking Culture and the Environment

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1 Introduction: Pathways and Pitfalls in the Search for Sustainable Tourism STEPHEN F. MCCOOL AND R. NEIL MOISEY School of Forestry, University of Montana, Missoula, USA Introduction The growing, even accelerating, concerns about the status of the world environment initially triggered by such publications as Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring and the Club of Rome Report (Meadows et al., 1972) were coalesced by the Brundtland Commission’s Our Common Future which argued that survival of the human species depended on adoption of a new paradigm of economic development termed ‘sustainable development’ (World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987). This paradigm was significantly different from previous calls for environmental protection and economic progress in the sense that it represented a combination of both while attending to quality-of-life needs. The Commission argued that the only effective method of protecting the environment, addressing economic progress, alleviating poverty and preserving human rights was through a developmental paradigm that ‘provided for the needs of the present while ensuring that options for the future were preserved’. The Brundtland Commission Report served as a catalyst for discussing the future of human society and ways of ensuring that development is sustainable over the long term. The report was favourably received in many academic and policy circles around the world, and as a result stimulated a great amount of discussion. Yet, many questions have been left unanswered: how does one conserve the environment, provide a more equitable distribution of income among those living at the present and ensure that there is equality in access to quality of life? Can we optimize all three goals, or are there trade-offs involved? If so, what are they? How does one provide for the needs of the present while preserving options for future generations? Who represents future generations and their needs in these decisions? What is supposed to be sustained? What roles do different economic sectors, nongovernmental organizations and government institutions play in seeking ©CAB International 2008. Tourism, Recreation and Sustainability: Linking Culture and the Environment, 2nd edn (eds S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey) 1
2 The Search for Sustainable Tourism sustainability? What are the roles of ethics and science in sustainability policies? How can development be sustained? Can sustainability be achieved within existing institutional and political economy frameworks and processes? How does one develop and apply a science of sustainability while promoting more public participation in government decision making? How do we make human societies and the environments upon which they depend more resilient in the face of unanticipated social, political and climate change? Academic fields such as agriculture, ecology, economics, management, political science, psychology and community development have made progress in developing research and policy on the meaning of sustainability and sustainable development. In this widely scattered search for purpose, a variety of themes have developed, including sustainability as ecosystem maintenance, preservation of natural capital, provision for intergenerational and intragenerational equity, sustainable development, redistribution of political power and maintenance or restoration of human-environment systems’ resiliency. These different themes have made communicating about sustainability difficult and challenging but also have the advantage of raising important and useful questions about the pathways, interrelationships and pitfalls to a more sustainable world. Tourism has not escaped the discussions concerning sustainability. Indeed many texts, including this one, have been challenged to frame the question of sustainable tourism (e.g. Innskeep, 1991; McCool and Watson, 1995; Stabler, 1997; Wahab and Pigram, 1997; Hall and Lew, 1998; Swarbrooke, 1999; Font and Tribe, 2000). More recent texts, such as Weaver (2005) and Bushell and Eagles (2007), have advanced the academic discourse to include issues such as scale, management of visitors, ethical questions and the relationships between tourism and protected areas. The growth of interest in World Heritage Sites as engines of economic growth has stimulated additional work to clarify the roles of the tourism industry and to suggest mechanisms for managing congestion and visitor experiences (e.g. Eagles et al., 2002; Pedersen, 2002; World Tourism Organization, 2005). This discourse is even more significant in light of the dramatic growth, both actual and predicted, in the international travel. The UN World Tourism Organization suggests that international arrivals will double in the period 2007–2020, from about 800 million to 1.6 billion, an amount of travel four times higher than that which existed at the time of publication of the Brundtland Commission Report (see Fig. 1.1). This dramatic growth carries with it important implications for economies, cultures and the environment. Clearly, tourism has become a global financial power, achieving a planetary presence unequalled by many other economic sectors. As it has grown, so have the criticisms of its environmental, economic, cultural and political consequences (e.g. Cater and Goodall, 1992; McLaren, 1997; Rothman, 1998; Honey, 1999). Tourism is no longer the benign economic development tool that the boosterism of the past purported it to be. In fact, many of the negative consequences of tourism, particularly in the social domain, are challenging and pernicious. Yet, many of the social and environmental issues associated with tourism development are not necessarily significantly different from
Page 2 and 3: TOURISM, RECREATION AND SUSTAINABIL
Page 4 and 5: TOURISM, RECREATION AND SUSTAINABIL
Page 6 and 7: Contents Contributors Preface to th
Page 8 and 9: Contributors Kathleen L. Andereck,
Page 10 and 11: Preface to the 2nd Edition When we
Page 14 and 15: S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 3 1600
Page 16 and 17: S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 5 2. Su
Page 18 and 19: S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 7 and t
Page 20 and 21: S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 9 cause
Page 22 and 23: S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 11 acce
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Page 26 and 27: S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 15 Shum
Page 28 and 29: I Frameworks and Approaches STEPHEN
Page 30 and 31: 2 Recreation Ecology in Sustainable
Page 32 and 33: Y.-F. Leung et al. 21 particularly
Page 34 and 35: Y.-F. Leung et al. 23 the selection
Page 36 and 37: Y.-F. Leung et al. 25 Amount of imp
Page 38 and 39: Table 2.1. Some recent examples of
Page 40 and 41: Y.-F. Leung et al. 29 Experience an
Page 42 and 43: Y.-F. Leung et al. 31 tour operator
Page 44 and 45: Y.-F. Leung et al. 33 References Bl
Page 46 and 47: Y.-F. Leung et al. 35 national park
Page 48 and 49: Y.-F. Leung et al. 37 Wall, G. and
Page 50 and 51: C.P. Dawson 39 the tourism experien
Page 52 and 53: C.P. Dawson 41 ism, sustainable tou
Page 54 and 55: C.P. Dawson 43 With these proposed
Page 56 and 57: Table 3.2. A proposed tourism oppor
Page 58 and 59: C.P. Dawson 47 level of development
Page 60 and 61: C.P. Dawson 49 Eagles, P.F.J. and N
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4 Hypothesizing the Shifting Mosaic
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D. Ioannides 53 because ‘to rejec
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D. Ioannides 55 related development
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D. Ioannides 57 including hotel cha
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D. Ioannides 59 the early stages of
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D. Ioannides 61 Acknowledging the n
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Table 4.1. Conflicting development
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Table 4.3. Conflicting development
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D. Ioannides 67 by national or regi
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D. Ioannides 69 further development
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D. Ioannides 71 can be thought of a
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D. Ioannides 73 Issues. Channel Vie
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D. Ioannides 75 (ed.) The Tourism A
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R.J. Payne et al. 77 Background The
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R.J. Payne et al. 79 inland and inc
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R.J. Payne et al. 81 economic, soci
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R.J. Payne et al. 83 auditing focus
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R.J. Payne et al. 85 traditional kn
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R.J. Payne et al. 87 North Communit
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R.J. Payne et al. 89 Table 5.2. For
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Table 5.4. Underlying attitudinal d
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R.J. Payne et al. 93 dimensions and
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R.J. Payne et al. 95 and tourists.
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R.J. Payne et al. 97 Ottawa, Parks
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R.J. Payne et al. 99 Western Lake S
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R.J. Payne et al. 101 Customers’
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6 Development and Evaluation of Sus
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M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 105 b
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M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 107 e
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M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 109
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M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 111 p
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M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 113 b
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M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 115 I
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II Tourism, Place and Community R.
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R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 119 to
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7 From ‘Guiding Fiction’ to Act
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A. Gill and P.W. Williams 123 Decli
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A. Gill and P.W. Williams 125 Curre
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A. Gill and P.W. Williams 127 these
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A. Gill and P.W. Williams 129 cal [
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8 Destination and Place Branding: a
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U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 133 binat
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U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 135 The m
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U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 137 their
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U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 139 Exist
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U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 141 Fan,
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J.L. Meyer 143 contrast, is an inta
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J.L. Meyer 145 integral to the fiel
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J.L. Meyer 147 summer of wildfires
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J.L. Meyer 149 affection is for thi
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J.L. Meyer 151 These studies reveal
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J.L. Meyer 153 Rockies’ gold rush
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J.L. Meyer 155 References Barbee, R
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J.L. Meyer 157 Schullery, P. (1980)
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R.E. Mitchell 159 Defining sustaina
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R.E. Mitchell 161 Building upon thi
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R.E. Mitchell 163 both culturally a
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R.E. Mitchell 165 accommodation on
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R.E. Mitchell 167 travel agencies a
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R.E. Mitchell 169 somewhat in 1997
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R.E. Mitchell 171 over the right to
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R.E. Mitchell 173 Impacts The surve
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R.E. Mitchell 175 Terrorism: severa
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R.E. Mitchell 177 would prefer tour
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R.E. Mitchell 179 Dense socio-polit
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R.E. Mitchell 181 References Arnste
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11 Local Participation and Attainin
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K. Horochowski and R.N. Moisey 185
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III Emerging Issues in Culture and
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12 Tourism and Poverty Alleviation:
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Dr A. Spenceley 199 Poverty tourism
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Dr A. Spenceley 201 developing coun
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Dr A. Spenceley 203 Similarly, gene
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Dr A. Spenceley 205 by tourism comp
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Dr A. Spenceley 207 Although some o
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Dr A. Spenceley 209 Tourism Benefit
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Dr A. Spenceley 211 The third examp
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Table 12.7. Increasing participatio
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Dr A. Spenceley 215 They recommend
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Dr A. Spenceley 217 Goodwin, H. and
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Dr A. Spenceley 219 United Nations/
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R. Staiff 221 the Management Plan 2
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R. Staiff 223 research to national
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R. Staiff 225 within the orbit of
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R. Staiff 227 The extensive calligr
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R. Staiff 229 crafted details posit
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R. Staiff 231 8 In a provocative es
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R. Staiff 233 determinism) is polit
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R. Staiff 235 Rojek, C. and Urry, J
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K.L. Andereck and N.G. McGehee 237
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Table 14.1. Tourism attitude items
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 261 ment age
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 263 and in t
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 265 Bank, an
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 267 Educatio
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 269 healthy
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 271 1 4 Good
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 273 communit
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 275 The Aust
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 277 Notes ab
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 279 prepared
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 281 from the
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16 Sustainable Tourism in the 21st
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R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 285 tou
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R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 287 Not
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R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 289 wha
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R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 291 nat
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Index Aboriginal 220-221, 260-265,
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Index 295 Overseas Development Init
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