The Mayor's Ambient Noise Strategy - Greater London Authority

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The Mayor’s Ambient Noise Strategy Mayor of London 217 London Year National/EU 2006 Completion of London Noise Survey. Phase 2 of National Ambient Noise Mayoral sound competition or award if Strategy development completed. funding secured. EC to propose legislation to reduce noise Joint work on strategic noise mapping. emitted by major sources. Strategic noise mapping year for END. 2007 Analyse strategic London noise mapping data. Strategic noise mapping data for 2006 to Co-ordinate/analyse London noise action be sent to EC. planning (depending on legal division of National Ambient Noise Strategy responsibility). published 2008 Assess need for new London Noise Survey. Review of London Ambient Noise Strategy to reflect national strategy. Major London event to analyse and assess progress. Completion of 2nd London Noise Survey. 2009 2011 2012 ‘Competent Authorities’ to have drawn up noise action plans for major sources and for agglomerations. Start of new END cycle (identification of major roads, railways, airports and agglomerations for END purposes). Summary report of data from noise maps and action plans published by EC. EC to report to European Parliament on the implementation of END. Strategic noise mapping year for END. Analyse strategic London noise mapping data. Strategic noise mapping data for 2011 Co-ordinate/analyse London noise action to be sent to EC. planning (depending on legal division of responsibility). 2013 Review of London Ambient Noise Strategy Major London event to analyse and assess progress. Initial planning horizon. 2014 2016 ‘Competent Authorities’ to have drawn up noise action plans for major sources and for agglomerations. Summary report of data from noise maps and action plans published by EC.
218 Mayor of London The Mayor’s Ambient Noise Strategy A2 what is noise What is noise ‘Noise’ is typically defined as ‘unwanted sound’. The term ‘noise’ therefore combines the objective physical phenomenon ‘sound’, and its subjective psychological effects on people. The sound in question may be unwanted by the recipient for a wide range of reasons, varying by time of day, place and other factors. The term ‘noise pollution’ may be used to reinforce negative associations. Subjective responses vary widely between individuals. Effects on individuals are harder to quantify than the physical attributes of sound. ‘Ambient’ or ‘environmental’ noise is long term noise from transport and industry, as distinct from noise caused by neighbours, construction sites, other local nuisances, and noisy workplaces. How is sound described ‘Sound’ is a form of energy, normally transmitted through the air. Typically, a vibrating source sets up pressure variations. The vibrations set up a pattern of alternate regions of increased and decreased pressure. These pressure variations travel, as the energy is passed from one particle to the next, but the particles do not. The vibration can be transmitted through air, any other gas, water or a solid. ‘Frequency’ is the rate at which the source and the resulting pressure waves vibrates. It is measured in ‘Hertz’ (Hz). Older publications may use the equivalent term ‘cycles per second’ (cps). The more rapid the vibrations, the higher the pitch or tone. ‘Wavelength’ is the distance between successive pressure waves, during one cycle. Wavelengths of audible sound vary from a few millimetres to several metres - the higher the frequency, the shorter the wavelength. The human ear can detect from around 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz (20 kHz). Humming, throbbing or droning noises comprise mostly low frequency sounds. Whistling, squealing and hissing noises contain mainly high frequency sounds. The musical term ‘octave’ represents a doubling in frequency. For many practical purposes, a restricted frequency range may be used. It may also be divided into octave bands and one-third octave bands. ‘Amplitude’ is a measure of the energy of the sound wave and gives a comparison of the loudness of different sounds. It is the maximum excursion of the pressure difference of a sound wave. The particles vibrate back and forth about a given position. The further they move the greater the sound energy. Amplitude can be measured in audible sound pressure variations (using units for measuring pressure, Pascals, Pa). These pressure units are inconvenient to use, so the magnitude of a sound is generally described by its sound pressure level (SPL). SPL is the logarithmic ratio
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