The Mayor's Ambient Noise Strategy - Greater London Authority

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The Mayor’s Ambient Noise Strategy Mayor of London 247 Glossary Absorption Conversion of sound energy to heat. Sound absorption is a characteristic of the surface of a material, determining the extent to which sound striking it will be absorbed. Sound absorbents reduce reflection from a surface, and can reduce the ‘canyon effect’ otherwise associated with barriers on both sides of a road, or the reverberation of sound within an enclosed or partly enclosed space, such as a tunnel mouth. Agglomeration defined by the EU Noise Directive as part of a territory with a population more than 100,000 with a population density which the member state considers to be urbanised. Airborne sound Sound propagating through the air, transmitted by excitation of the air. Alternation At Heathrow, a system of runway alternation was introduced in 1972 for the daytime period. Normally, one of the two parallel main runways is used for take off, and the other for landing, switching at 1500 hours. For one week, the northern runway will be used for take off, and the southern for landing until 1500 hours, at which time take offs will switch to the southern runway, and landings to the northern. In the following week, the southern runway will be used for take off in the first half of the day, and so on. It means that people under the flightpaths receive a predictable pattern of relief. It only operates fully on westerly operations due to the Cranford Agreement (see below). Ambient noise ongoing unwanted sound in the environment such as from transport and industry, as distinct from individual events, such as a noisy all-night party. Specifically in this strategy, long term, systematically predictable noise emitted by road traffic, rail traffic, air traffic, water transport, and from sites of industrial activity. Unless stated otherwise, noise includes vibration. The term ‘ambient noise’ can also be used more widely, in terminology deriving from standard ISO 1996, to refer to the sound from all sources combined - not just road traffic and industry, but including birdsong, running water, etc. ANCON UK civil aircraft noise computer model developed by Environmental Research and Consultancy Department of the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA). ANCON calculates contours from data describing aircraft movements, routes, noise generation and sound propagation. Aircraft noise contour maps show lines joining points of equal noise, in terms of the index used, as a way of showing the impact of aircraft noise around airports. ANMAC Aircraft Noise Monitoring Advisory Committee. An example of its work is the ANMAC Technical Working Group study ‘Noise from Arriving
248 Mayor of London The Mayor’s Ambient Noise Strategy Aircraft: Final Report’ December 1999. See http://www.aviation.dtlr.gov.uk /anmac/index.htm Annoyance In the context of this strategy, a feeling of irritation or displeasure associated with noise perceived or believed by someone adversely to have affected them. Anti-noise (also termed ‘sound cancellation’) is the use of sound of an ‘equal and opposite’ frequency and amplitude to ‘cancel’ (in practice, reduce) the sound from a given source. Current commercial applications include fan assemblies and personal headphones. Anti-social behaviour Local authorities can issue an anti-social behaviour order in respect of anyone causing ‘harassment, alarm or distress’, which can include noise. Disobeying an order carries a prison sentence of up to five years. Under the Housing Act 1996 social landlords can take action against tenants for anti-social behaviour. See also Antisocial Behaviour Act 2003. Assistive device Equipment which helps people to hear better, such as by reinforcing speech level at a counter. A-weighting a system of adjustments applied to sound of different frequencies to take account of the way the sensitivity of the human ear varies with sound frequency. It is sometimes criticised for not giving sufficient weight to low frequency sound. It has been found suitable for many types of environmental noise at the levels and mixes of frequencies commonly encountered, provided its limitations are understood. Background noise The noise normally present for most of the time at a given site, usually described by the L A90 level, the level exceeded for 90% of the time. Bad neighbour In noise terms, bad neighbour activities include those generating noise significantly above background, with a pronounced tonal or impulsive quality, and particularly at night. ‘Open yard’ uses or activities are particularly unsuitable near noise sensitive uses. Basic noise level In ‘Calculation of Road Traffic Noise’ Department of Transport, The Stationery Office, 1988, the basic noise level is calculated for a reference distance of 10 metres from the nearside carriageway edge. Other reference distances could have been chosen. This calculation method assumes that noise propagates from a ‘source line’ 3.5 metres in from the kerb and 0.5 metres above the road surface. The source line is
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