Report of the Bureau of Mines of the Department of Internal Affairs of ...

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— xl INTRODUCTORY TO Off. Doc. the dirt rises towards the roof. When the roof is reached and the pillar is buried, its prayer for help ceases and the pressure whicii was upon it goes for weaker pillars, but when so many others are braced up in the same way, they will slop the squeeze even if the roof must be broken to the surface. This they did at Dodson, and the shaft (400 feet) was saved. It is quite interesting to know how mucJi this culm filling will ''give" under a great pressure. Some say that such pressure will reduce it to half its thickness. In this case the roof will press the culm down to a smaller space than the coal occupied before it was mined. Others say that a great pressure will reduce the culm to one-third. In this case it will reduce it to the e^'LM PLANT roR FLUSHING MINZS No. 4. Suggestion for a Culm-Flushing Plant. same space as the coal occupied before. This cannot be correct. There is no formula by which we can calculate the help that flushing furnishes the pillar in the time of a general squeeze. We have asked this (pieslion of mining engineers, but they seem to be at sea like ourselves—in the same waves and quite as far from shore, in regard to the answer. It seems that ex])erience only can throw light ou the (jiiestion. In any event it has proved beyond any doubt that it is I he best help for pillars that was ever invented. In a test we made at lilack Diamond, by sawing out a cubic foot of anthracite coal grinding the same into rice and dust and flushing it into a box 12 inches by 12 inches by 17| inches, that it filled il completely. Thus the ex])aiisiou is H^ inches. If so many chambers 17^ feet high were flushed with the same sized material and density, the roof could not press the culm lower than 5| feet, for it would be as hard as the coal at this point. But the roof cannot drop this 5^ feet, for the coal in the pillars must be considered. In a general squeeze, 5^ feet of the top of eacth pillar will claim the same space.
No. 10. MINE INSPECTORS' REPORT. xll SO llie half of it must take its place on top or in the culm and the pressure cannot drive the roof lower than 2^ feet, for at this point the solidity underneath it, equals the solidity of the coal itself. We assume in the above thalt the pillars represent half the coal. In case they represent a third only, the roof of a chamber 17| feet high will drop some 3 feet 8 inches. The following facts should be considered in connection with the above: 1. Culm cannot be filled as closely in the mines as in the above mentioned box, but there is a margin as may be seen in No. 2. 2. No squeeze ever compressed the refuse to the density of coal. 8. The waste of mines is supposed to fill only a portion of the workings that have been made in mining, especially if the mines have been in operation some time before the flushing begins. 4. Besides, pitch and location of openings have their advantages and disadvantages in flushing. Number of Acres Flushed. The number of acres flushed in our two mines—Dodson and Black Diamond— as computed b}^ our engineers, Messrs. Aikman & Auman, is as follows: Area of space tilkMl l(> thickness of vein. Acres. Dodson. Old Bennett (Hillman) vein, Bennett and Baltimore vein, . Ross vein Black Diamond. Ross vein Red Ash vein, Quantity of Coal Saved. There is no formula by which we can calculate the quantity of coal that can be saved per acre by flushing. The conclusions are out of the reach of any theory. It is a matter of judgment and calculation which vary, of course, according to the changing conditions. However, the judges in this case, like many others, must be the very best class of miners—men of experience in squeezes, caves and explosions. We are of the opinion that their conclusions would be as follows: 1. That when mining under some 400 feet of strata, flushing will save the comjiany one-fifth (in the Bennett vein). 2. WIhmi mining 200 feet deeper, in the Ross, it will save a sixth. 3. In the Red Ash, when some 700 feet below the surface, they might say that flushing will save a seventh. The difference in th-» amount saved, arises from the fact that the Bennett is under less
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