essential-guide-to-qualitative-in-organizational-research

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–––––––––––––––––––––– GROUP METHODS OF ORGANIZATIONAL ANALYSIS–––––––––– 153Greenbaum, T.L. (1998) The Handbook for Focus Group Research, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Greenbaum, T.L. (2000) Moderating Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Group Facilitation, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Guzzo, R.A. and Dickson, M.W. (1996) ‘Teams in organizations: recent research on performance and effectiveness’, AnnualReview of Psychology, 47: 307–38.Hare, A.P. (1985) Social Interaction as Drama, Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.Krueger, R.A and Casey, M.A. (2000) Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Litwin, G.H. and Stringer, R.A., Jr (1968) Motivation and Organizational Climate, Boston, MA: Division of Research, HarvardBusiness School.Lundberg, C.C. (1990) ‘Surfacing organizational culture’, Journal of Managerial Psychology, 5(4): 19–36.Marshall, C. and Rossman, G.B. (1999) Designing Qualitative Research, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Morgan, D.L. (1997) Focus Groups as Qualitative Research (Qualitative Research Methods Series, Vol. 16), Thousand Oaks,CA: Sage.Morgan, D.L., Krueger, R.A. and King, J.A. (eds) Focus Group Kit. (Vols. 1–6), Thousand Oaks: Sage.Morrison, D. (1998) The Search for a Method: Focus Groups and the Rise of Mass Communication Research, Luton: Universityof Luton Press.Pettigrew, A.M. (1990) ‘Longitudinal field research on change: theory and practice’, Organization Science, 1 (3): 267–92.Rabbie, J.M. and Van Oostrum, J. (1984) ‘Environmental uncertainty, power and effectiveness in laboratory organizations’, inG.M. Stephenson and J.H. Davies (eds), Progress in Applied Psychology, vol. 2, Chichester: Wiley.Rosen, M. (1991) ‘Coming to terms with the field: understanding and doing organizational ethnography’, Journal of ManagementStudies, 28: 1–24.Sackett, P.R. and Larson, J.R. (1990) ‘Research strategies and tactics in industrial and organizational psychology’, in M.D.Dunnette and L.M. Hough (eds), Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Palo Alto, CA: ConsultingPsychologists Press, Inc.Spradley, J.P. (1979) The Ethnographic Interview, New York: Rinehart & Winston.Srivastva, S., Obert, S. and Neilson, E. (1977) ‘ Organizational analysis through group process: a theoretical, perspective fororganizational development’, in C. Cooper (ed.), Organization Development in the UK and USA, New York: Macmillan.Stewart, D.W. and Shamdasani, P.N. (1990) Focus Groups.Theory and Practice. (Applied Social Research Methods Series, Vol.20), Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Steyaert, C. (1995) ‘Perpetuating entrepreneurship through dialogue. A social constructionist view’, unpublished doctoraldissertation for the degree of doctor in psychology. Katholieke Universiteit Leuven: Department of Work and OrganizationalPsychology.Steyaert, C., Bouwen, R. and Van Looy, B. (1996) ‘Conversational construction of new meaning configurations in organizationalinnovation: a generative approach’, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 5(1): 67–89.Strauss, A. and Corbin, J. (1998) Basics of Qualitative Research, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Templeton, J.F. (1994) Focus Group Revised: A Strategic Guide to Organizing, Conducting and Analyzing the Focus GroupInterview, New York: McGraw-Hill.Vaugh, S., Schumm, J.S. and Sinagub, J.M. (1996) Focus Group Interviews in Education and Psychology, London: Sage.
13 –––– Participant Observation ––––––––––––––––––––––––––David WaddingtonThe eminent American investigative social researcher Jack Douglas maintains that ‘when one’sconcern is the experience of people, the way that they think, feel and act, the most truthful,reliable, complete and simple way of getting that information is to share their experience’(1976: 112). This is precisely the outlook subscribed to by proponents and practitioners ofparticipant observation, the method described and evaluated in this chapter. The contents ofthe chapter are based on insights drawn from my own doctoral study of the 1981 Ansellsbrewery strike – a bitter five-month conflict involving opposition to redundancies and revisedworking practices which eventually resulted in the permanent closure of the brewery and thedismissal of the entire 1,000-strong workforce.Here I intend to refer to my own experience of the strike, both as a practical illustrationof participant observation, and as a demonstration of the hard-headed pragmatism andextemporization required when conducting fieldwork of this nature. I begin by outlining theessential features of the method, defining the type of circumstances to which it is best suited,the particular skills required of the practitioner, and the techniques by which data are accessed,recorded and analysed. I then indicate how far and how successfully these skills and principleswere applied in my study, before using this experience as a basis for evaluating the method.INTRODUCTION TO THE METHOD ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––According to Taylor and Bogdan (1984: 15), participant observation ‘involves social interactionbetween the researcher and informants in the milieu of the latter’, the idea being to allow theobserver to study first-hand the day-to-day experience and behaviour of subjects in particularsituations, and, if necessary, to talk to them about their feelings and interpretations.The extent to which observers actually participate in the activities of the people they arestudying may vary from one project to the next. Burgess (1984) discusses four possible researchidentities:1 the complete participant, who operates covertly, concealing any intention to observe thesetting;2 the participant-as-observer, who forms relationships and participates in activities but makesno secret of an intention to observe events;3 the observer-as-participant, who maintains only superficial contacts with the people beingstudied (for example, by asking them occasional questions); and4 the complete observer, who merely stands back and ‘eavesdrops’ on the proceedings.
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ESSENTIAL GUIDE TO QUALITATIVE METH
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This book is dedicated to our child
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viii ---------- CONTENTS ----------
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Notes on ContributorsJohn Benington
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AcknowledgementsIt has been 10 year
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2 ---------- QUALITATIVE METHODS IN
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4 ---- Life Histories -------------
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8 ---- The Twenty Statements Test -
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9 ---- Qualitative Research Diaries
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Table 20.2 Examples of open coding,
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Table 20.3Collective stressors and
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21 ---- Using Templates in the Them
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Table 22.2DebbieAndrewMatrix 2: con
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Table 22.2cont.Allan Petrol scam Wa
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23 ---- Preserving, Sharing and Reu
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30 ---- The Future Conference -----
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