–––––––––––––––––––––––––––– ACTION RESEARCH AND RESEARCH ACTION –––––––––– 35913 There are many <strong>research</strong> tasks <strong>to</strong> which AR/RA cannot be applied, for <strong>in</strong>stance, where verylarge numbers have <strong>to</strong> be handled as <strong>in</strong> cross-national surveys, etc.FURTHER READING ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––Col<strong>in</strong> Eden and Chris Huxham (1996) ‘Action <strong>research</strong> for the study of organizations’, <strong>in</strong> Steward Clegg, Cynthia Hardy andWalter Nord (eds), Handbook of Organizational Studies, London: Sage. pp. 526–40.REFERENCES ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––Argyris, Chris (1968) ‘Some un<strong>in</strong>tended consequences of rigorous <strong>research</strong>’, Psychological Bullet<strong>in</strong>, 70: 185–97.Argyris, Chris (1993) ‘On the nature of actionable knowledge’, The Psychologist, 6 (1): 29–32.Argyris, C., Putnam, R. and Smith, D. (1985) Action Science: Concepts, Methods and Skills for Research and Intervention, SanFrancisco, CA: Jossey Bass.Bradbury, Hilary (2003) ‘Susta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g the heart of action <strong>research</strong>(ers): an <strong>in</strong>terview with Joanna Macy’, Action Research, 1 (2):208–223Bradbury, Hilary and Reason, Peter (2001) ‘Conclusion: broadcast<strong>in</strong>g the bandwidth of validity: issues and choice-po<strong>in</strong>ts forimprov<strong>in</strong>g the quality of action <strong>research</strong>’, <strong>in</strong> Peter Reason and Hilary Bradbury (eds), Handbook of Action Research:Participative Enquiry and Practice, London: Sage.Bridger, Harold (1990) ‘The discovery of the therapeutic community: the Northfield Experiments’, <strong>in</strong> Eric Trist and Hugh Murray(eds), The Social Engagement of Social Science, London: Free Association Books. pp. 68–87.Brown, David (1993) ‘Social change through collective reflection with Asian non-governmental development organizations’,Human Relations, 46 (2): 249–73.Campbell, J.P. (1976) ‘Psychometric theory’, <strong>in</strong> Marv<strong>in</strong> Dunnette (ed.), Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology,Chicago: Rand McNally, pp. 185–222.Cassell, Cather<strong>in</strong>e and Symon, Gillian (1994) Qualitative Methods <strong>in</strong> Organizational Research: A Practical Guide, London: Sage.Chandler, Dawn and Torbert, Bill (2003) ‘Transform<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>quiry and action: Interweav<strong>in</strong>g 27 flavours of action <strong>research</strong>’, ActionResearch, 1 (2): 133–152Crotty, Michael (1998) The Foundations of Social Research, London: Sage.Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham, J. Bar<strong>to</strong>n (1993) Action Research and Organizational Development, Westport, CT and London: Praeger.Curle, Adam (1947) ‘Transitional communities and social re-connection: a follow-up study of the civil resettlement of Britishprisoners of war’, part 1, Human Relations, 1947 (1): 42–68.Dachler, Peter (2000) ‘Tak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>qualitative</strong> methods a radical step forward’, European Journal of Work and OrganizationalPsychology, 9 (4): 573–83.Drenth, Peter (2001) ‘Verity or applicability?’ Applied Psychology, 50 (2): 212–21.Drenth, Peter and Heller, Frank (2005) ‘The dangers of resource myopia <strong>in</strong> Work and Organizational Psychology: a plea forbroaden<strong>in</strong>g and <strong>in</strong>tegration’, Applied Psychology: An International Review (accepted).Dunnette, Marv<strong>in</strong> (2001) ‘Science and practice <strong>in</strong> applied psychology: a symbiotic relationship’, Applied Psychology, 50 (2):222–34.Easterby-Smith, Mark and Mal<strong>in</strong>a, Danusia (1999) ‘Cross-cultural collaborative <strong>research</strong> <strong>to</strong>wards reflexivity’, Academy ofManagement Journal, 42 (1): 76–86.Eden, Col<strong>in</strong> and Huxham, Chris (1996) ‘Action <strong>research</strong> for the study of organizations’, <strong>in</strong> Stewart Clegg, Cynthia Hardy andWalter Nord (eds), Handbook of Organization Studies, London: Sage. pp. 526–42.Elden, Max and Chisholm, Rupert (eds) (1993) ‘Emerg<strong>in</strong>g varieties of action <strong>research</strong>’, Human Relations (Special Issue), 46 (2).Emery, Merrelyn and Purser, Ronald (1996) The Search Conference: A Powerful Method for Plann<strong>in</strong>g Organizational Changeand Community Action, San Francisco: Jossey Bass.Engelstad, Per H. and Gustavsen, Bjorn (1993) ‘Swedish network development for implement<strong>in</strong>g national work reform strategy’,Human Relations, 46: 219–48.Fals Borda, Orlando (2001) ‘Participation (action) <strong>research</strong> <strong>in</strong> social theory: orig<strong>in</strong>s and challenges’, <strong>in</strong> Peter Reason and HilaryBradbury (eds), Handbook of Action Research, London: Sage. pp. 27–37.Gustavsen, Bjorn (1998) ‘From experiments <strong>to</strong> network build<strong>in</strong>g: trends <strong>in</strong> the use of <strong>research</strong> for reconstruct<strong>in</strong>g work<strong>in</strong>g life’,Human Relations, 51 (3): 431–48.Gustavsen, Bjorn (2003) ‘New forms of knowledge production and the role of action <strong>research</strong>’, Action Research, 1 (2): 153–164.
360 –––––––––– QUALITATIVE METHODS IN ORGANIZATION STUDIES ––––––––––––––––––Heller, F.A. (1969) ‘Group feedback analysis: a method of field <strong>research</strong>’, Psychological Bullet<strong>in</strong>, 72: 108–17. Repr<strong>in</strong>ted <strong>in</strong>:D. Graves (ed.), Management Research: A Cross Cultural Perspective, London: Elsevier Scientific Publish<strong>in</strong>g Co.(1973)49–69. German translation Gruppendynamik, 1972 (2): 174–91.Heller (1970) ‘Group feedback analysis as a change agent’, Human Relations, 23: 319–33.Heller, Frank (1997) ‘Is action <strong>research</strong> real <strong>research</strong>? Yes and no’ A contribution <strong>to</strong> The Tavis<strong>to</strong>ck Institute’s 50th AnniversarySem<strong>in</strong>ar, 11–12 July. TTI Document No. 2T-720.Heller, Frank (2001a) ‘On the <strong>in</strong>tegration of the social sciences’, Human Relations, 54 (1): January (Millennium Special Issue).Heller, Frank (2001b) ‘Towards a Socio-oecotechnology’, Journal of Eng<strong>in</strong>eer<strong>in</strong>g and Technology Management. Special Issue:Beyond Sociotechnical systems, 18: 295–313.Heller, Frank, Hammond, Kim and Hatt<strong>in</strong>gh, Pamela (1997) ‘Creat<strong>in</strong>g active energy awareness <strong>in</strong> secondary schools’. Report<strong>to</strong> Energy Direc<strong>to</strong>rate, European Union, Tavis<strong>to</strong>ck Institute Paper.Ichniowski, C., Kochan, T., Lev<strong>in</strong>e, D., Olson, C. and Strauss, G. (1996) ‘What works at work: overview and assessment’, IndustrialRelations, 35 (3): 299–333.Kast, F.E. and Rosenzweig, J.E. (1973) Cont<strong>in</strong>gency Views of Organization and Management, Chicago: Science Research Associates.Latham, Gary (2001) ‘The reciprocal transfer of learn<strong>in</strong>g from journals <strong>to</strong> practice’, Applied Psychology, 50 (2): 201–11.Lew<strong>in</strong>, Kurt (1947) ‘Group decision and social change’, <strong>in</strong> Theodore Newcomb and Eugene Hartley (eds), Read<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>in</strong> SocialPsychology, New York: Henry Holt and Co.Lew<strong>in</strong>, Kurt (1953) ‘Studies <strong>in</strong> group decisions’, <strong>in</strong> Dorw<strong>in</strong> Cartwright and Alv<strong>in</strong> Zander (eds), Group Dynamics: Research andTheory, London: Tavis<strong>to</strong>ck Publications. pp. 287–301.Lew<strong>in</strong>, Kurt, Lippitt, Ronald and White, Ralph (1939) ‘Patterns of aggressive behavior <strong>in</strong> experimentally created “social climates”,’Journal of Social Psychology, (x): 271–99.Mezias, John M. and Starbuck, William H. (2003) ‘Managers and their <strong>in</strong>accurate perceptions: good, bad or <strong>in</strong>consequential?’British Journal of Management, 14 (1): 3–17.Murray, Hugh (1990) ‘The transformation of selection procedures: the War Office selection board’, <strong>in</strong> Eric Trist and Hugh Murray(eds), The Social Engagement of Social Science, London: Free Association Books. pp. 45–67.Park, Peter (2001) ‘Knowledge and participa<strong>to</strong>ry <strong>research</strong>’, <strong>in</strong> Peter Reason and Hilary Bradbury (eds), Handbook of ActionResearch, London: Sage. pp. 81–90.Payne, Roy (1975/76) ‘Truisms <strong>in</strong> <strong>organizational</strong> behaviour’, Interpersonal Development, (6): 203–20.Payne, Roy and Pugh, Derek (1976) ‘Organizational structure and climate’, <strong>in</strong> M.D. Dunnette (ed.), Handbook of Industrial andOrganizational Psychology, Chicago: Rand McNally. pp 1125–73.Popper, Karl (1992) Unended Quest, London: Routledge.Qvale, Thoralf U. (1976) ‘A Norwegian strategy for democratization of <strong>in</strong>dustry’, Human Relations, 29 (5): 453–69.Rapoport, Robert (1970) ‘Three dilemmas of Action Research’, Human Relations, 23: 499–513.Reason, Peter (1999) ‘Integrat<strong>in</strong>g action and reflection through cooperative enquiry’, Managerial Learn<strong>in</strong>g, Col. 30 (2): 207–26.Reason, Peter and Bradbury, Hilary (eds) (2001) Handbook of Action Research: Participative Inquiry and Practice, London: Sage.Sanford, Nevitt (1976) ‘Whatever happened <strong>to</strong> action <strong>research</strong>?’, <strong>in</strong> Alf Clark (ed.), Experiment<strong>in</strong>g with Organizational Life, NewYork: Plenum Press.Senge, Peter and Scharmer, Ot<strong>to</strong> (2000) ‘Community action <strong>research</strong>: learn<strong>in</strong>g as a community of practitioners, consultants and<strong>research</strong>ers’, <strong>in</strong> Peter Reason and Hillary Bradbury (eds), Handbook of Action Research, London: Sage.Sommer, Stephen, Welsh, Dianna and Gubman, Boris (2000) ‘The ethical orientation of Russian entrepreneurs’, AppliedPsychology, Special Issue, 49 (4): 688–708.Speak, Mary (1967) ‘Communication failure <strong>in</strong> question<strong>in</strong>g: errors, mis<strong>in</strong>terpretations and personal frame of reference’,(Chairman’s address <strong>to</strong> Occupational Psychology Section of British Psychological Society, January 1965), OccupationalPsychology, 41: 169–79.Starbuck, William and Mezias, John (1996) ‘Open<strong>in</strong>g Pandora’s box: study<strong>in</strong>g the accuracy of managers’ perceptions’, Journalof Organizational Behavior, 17 (2): 99–117.Susman, Gerald and Evered, Roger (1978) ‘An assessment of the scientific merits of action <strong>research</strong>’, Adm<strong>in</strong>istrative ScienceQuarterly, 23 (4): 582–603.Trist, E. (1976) ‘Engag<strong>in</strong>g with large-scale systems’, <strong>in</strong> Alf Clark (ed.), Experiment<strong>in</strong>g with Organizational Life: The ActionResearch Approach, New York: Plenum Press. pp. 43–57.Trist, E. (1993) ‘A socio-technical critique of scientific management’, <strong>in</strong> Eric Trist and Hugh Murray (eds), The Social Engagemen<strong>to</strong>f Social Science: A Tavis<strong>to</strong>ck Anthology, The Socio-Technical Perspective vol. II, Philadelphia, University of PennsylvaniaPress. pp. 580–98.Trist, E. and Murray, H. (eds) (1990) The Social Engagement of Social Science, The Socio-Technical Perspective, vol. I. London:Free Association Books.Whyte, William F. (ed.) (1991) Participa<strong>to</strong>ry Action Research, London: Sage.Wilk<strong>in</strong>s, Leslie (1986) ‘Three projects <strong>in</strong>volv<strong>in</strong>g prediction’, <strong>in</strong> Frank Heller (ed.), The Use and Abuse of Social Science, Londonand Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.
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