essential-guide-to-qualitative-in-organizational-research

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–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– DISCOURSE ANALYSIS –––––––––– 213REFERENCES ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––Ball, K. and Wilson, D.C. (2000) ‘Power, control and computer-based performance monitoring: repertoires, resistance andsubjectivities’, Organization Studies, 21 (3): 539–65.Burr, V. (1998) ‘Overview: realism, relativism, social constructionism’, in I. Parker (ed.), Social Constructionism, Discourse andRealism, London: Sage.Coupland, C. (2001) ‘Accounting for change: a discourse analysis of graduate trainees’ talk of adjustment’, Journal ofManagement Studies, 38(8): 1103–19.Dick, P. and Cassell, C. (2002) ‘Barriers to managing diversity in a UK constabulary: the role of discourse’, Journal of ManagementStudies, 39(7): 953–76.Dick, P. and Cassell, C. (forthcoming) ‘The position of police women: a discourse analytic study’, Work, Employment and Society,18(1).Fairclough, N. (1992) Discourse and Social Change, Cambridge: Polity Press.Foucault, M. (1977) Discipline and Punish, London: Allen Lane.Foucault, M. (1981) The History of Sexuality, volume 1: The Will to Knowledge, London: Penguin.Foucault (1988) The History of Sexuality, volume 2: The Uses of Pleasure, London: Penguin.Foucault (1990) The History of Sexuality, volume 3: The Care of the Self, London: Penguin.Glaser, B.G. and Strauss, A.L. (1967) The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research, Chicago: Aldine.Grint, K. (1998) The Sociology of Work, Cambridge: Polity Press (first edition 1991).Heidensohn, F. (1992) Women in Control? The Role of Women in Law Enforcement, Oxford: Clarendon Press.Henriques, J., Hollway, W., Urwin, C., Venn, C. and Walkerdine, V. (eds) (1998) Changing the Subject: Psychology, SocialRegulation and Subjectivity, London: Routledge (first edition 1984).Hollway, W. (1989) Subjectivity and Method in Psychology, London: Sage.Kilduff, M. and Mehra, A. (1997) ‘Postmodernism and organizational research’, Academy of Management Review, 22 (2): 453–81.Mama, A. (1995) Beyond the Masks: Gender, Race and Subjectivity, London: Routledge.Morris, P. and Heal, K. (1981) Crime Control and the Police: A Review of Research, Home Office Research Study No. 67. London:Home Office.Mulkay, M. and Gilbert, G.N. (1982) ‘Accounting for error – how scientists construct their social world when they account forcorrect and incorrect belief’, Sociology, 16 (2): 165–83.Newton, T. (1998) ‘Theorizing subjectivity in organizations: the failure of Foucauldian Studies?’, Organization Studies, 19(3):415–47.Potter, J. and Wetherell, M. (1987) Discourse and Social Psychology: Beyond Attitudes and Behaviour, London: Sage.Reed, M. (1998) ‘Organizational analysis as discourse analysis: a critique’, in D. Grant, T. Keenoy and C. Oswick (eds), Discourseand Organization, London: Sage.Reiner, R. (1992) The Politics of the Police, London: Harvester Wheatsheaf (first edition 1985).Waddington, P.A.J. (1999) ‘Police (canteen) sub-culture: an appreciation’, British Journal of Criminology, 39(2): 287–309.
18 –––– Talk-in-interaction/conversation analysis ––––––––––––Dalvir Samra-FredericksTalk is at the heart of all organizations. Through it, the everyday business oforganizations is accomplished. People in organizations talk all day, every day. (Boden,1994:1)If we take Chia’s (1996) account of a ‘postmodern science of organization’ seriously, then hisdeclared focus upon ‘becoming’ centralizes the micro-activities of organizational membersinteracting. When we observe these interactions what we see or hear is a lot of talk. However,taking naturally occuring talk as a topic for fine-grained analyses remains rare inmanagement/organization studies. One possible reason for this absence may be due toproblems in securing access, discussed later. Another reason may be unfamiliarity withapproaches for analysing naturally occuring (and recorded) talk. This chapter introducesConversation Analysis (CA) as one approach for the systematic description/analysis of naturallyoccuring talk. There is, though, the suggestion that the term CA is a misnomer which hasgiven rise to the term ‘talk-in-interaction’, hence the title for the chapter (Psathas, 1995: 2;see also Schegloff, 1987), although the shorthand term ‘CA’ will be used here.Since the publication of an earlier version of this chapter in 1998, continued interest inlanguage use within the organization/management studies field has begun to explicitlyconsider CA and ethnomethodology’s contribution (for example, see Richards, 2001 1 ; alsoPutnam and Fairhurst’s (2001) review chapter). Indeed, as Silverman (2000: 138) contends,both approaches can ‘properly claim to be the major contemporary social science traditionsoriented to . . . the aesthetics of the mundane’, in other words, the everyday lived experiencesof members. What this chapter aims to do is to illustrate aspects of CA from my research intothe talk of ‘managerial elites’ (a term applied to senior managers, (non-)executive directors,MDs and CEOs by Pettigrew (1992) and referred to as elites here).The important point to be emphasized from the outset is that CA is a rigorous andsystematic method for examining social interaction (rather than language per se). This is easilylost in the belief that it is just about language and thus, a sub-branch of linguistics. The founderof CA, Harvey Sacks (1984: 26) 2 , asserted that it was because social organization must beapparent at the level of mundane face-to-face interactions that he turned to conversation. CA,based as it is upon naturally occuring talk, explores ‘social phenomena’ to discover the form,structure, machinery and methodical procedures (Psathas, 1995) of social actions. Ethnostudiessuch as CA are characterized by a particular disposition to social phenomena and thus, to offer‘instructable features’ (Psathas, 1995) for discovery. Analysis and description of talk isproblematic since it presumes a range of ‘beliefs’ or assumptions carried by the researcherabout the nature of the social world and the role of talk for its constitution. This inevitablyraises problems concerning a neutral ‘stand alone’ rendering of ‘the methods’ or techniques
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ESSENTIAL GUIDE TO QUALITATIVE METH
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This book is dedicated to our child
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viii ---------- CONTENTS ----------
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Notes on ContributorsJohn Benington
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AcknowledgementsIt has been 10 year
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2 ---------- QUALITATIVE METHODS IN
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8 ---- The Twenty Statements Test -
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9 ---- Qualitative Research Diaries
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tended to get shovedin the backgrou
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10 ---- Stories in Organizational R
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Table 22.1Matrix 1: descriptive sum
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Table 22.1 cont1.1 Analysis by colu
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Table 22.2DebbieAndrewMatrix 2: con
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Table 22.2cont.Allan Petrol scam Wa
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30 ---- The Future Conference -----
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