––––––––––––––––––––––– TALK-IN-INTERACTION/CONVERSATION ANALYSIS–––––––––– 225ethnographic context <strong>to</strong> facilitate <strong>in</strong>terpretation. In addition, given that some readers may be<strong>in</strong>terested <strong>in</strong> or familiar with critical discourse analysis, the exchange between Schegloff (1997,1998) and Wetherell (1998) would be a useful start<strong>in</strong>g po<strong>in</strong>t for discern<strong>in</strong>g the core po<strong>in</strong>ts ofcontention, but also where overlaps may be located.REFERENCES ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––Alvesson, M. and Karreman, D. (2000) ‘Tak<strong>in</strong>g the l<strong>in</strong>guistic turn <strong>in</strong> <strong>organizational</strong> <strong>research</strong>, challenges, responses,consequences’, The Journal of Applied Behavioural Science, 36 (2): 136–58.Atk<strong>in</strong>son, J.M. (1982) ‘Understand<strong>in</strong>g formality: notes on the categorization and production of “formal’’ <strong>in</strong>teraction’, British Journalof Sociology, 33: 86–117.Atk<strong>in</strong>son, J.M. and Drew, P. (1979) Order <strong>in</strong> Court: The Organization of Verbal Interaction <strong>in</strong> Judicial Sett<strong>in</strong>gs, London: Macmillan.Atk<strong>in</strong>son, M. and Heritage, J. (1984) (eds) Structures of Social Action, Studies <strong>in</strong> Conversation Analysis, Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press.Bargiela-Chiapp<strong>in</strong>i, F. and Harris, S. (1997) Manag<strong>in</strong>g Language – The Discourse of Corporate Meet<strong>in</strong>gs, Amsterdam andPhiladelphia: Benjam<strong>in</strong>.Berger, P. and Luckmann, T. (1967, repr<strong>in</strong>t 1985) The Social Construction of Reality, Harmondsworth: Pengu<strong>in</strong>.Boden, D. (1994) The Bus<strong>in</strong>ess of Talk, Cambridge: Polity.Boden, D. and Zimmerman, D.H. (1991) (eds) Talk and Social Structure: Studies <strong>in</strong> Ethnomethodology and Conversation Analysis,Cambridge: Polity.Chia, R. (1996) ‘The problem of reflexivity <strong>in</strong> <strong>organizational</strong> <strong>research</strong>: <strong>to</strong>wards a postmodern science of organization’,Organization, 3 (1): 31–59.Dillon, J.T. (1990) The Practice of Question<strong>in</strong>g, London: Routledge.Drew.P. (1990) ‘Conversation analysis: who needs it?’, Text, 10: 27–35.Drew, P. (1992) ‘Contested evidence <strong>in</strong> courtroom cross exam<strong>in</strong>ation: the case of a trial for rape’, <strong>in</strong> P. Drew and J. Heritage (eds),Talk at Work – Interaction <strong>in</strong> Institutional Sett<strong>in</strong>gs, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Drew, P. and Heritage, J. (1992) (eds) Talk at Work – Interaction <strong>in</strong> Institutional Sett<strong>in</strong>gs, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Drew, P. and Sorjonen, M.L. (1997) ‘Institutional dialogue’, <strong>in</strong> T.A. van Dijk (ed.), Discourse as Social Interaction. DiscourseStudies: A Multidiscipl<strong>in</strong>ary Introduction, vol. 2, London: Sage.Fairclough, N. (1992) Discourse and Social Change, Oxford/Cambridge: Polity Press/Basil Blackwell.Fisher, S. and Todd, A.D. (eds) (1986) Discourse and Institutional Authority, Medic<strong>in</strong>e, Education and Law, Norwood, NJ: Ablex.Forester, J. (1992) ‘Critical ethnography; on fieldwork <strong>in</strong> a Habermasian way’, <strong>in</strong> M. Alvesson and H. Willmott (eds), CriticalManagement Studies, London: Sage.Fraser, B. (1990) ‘An approach <strong>to</strong> discourse markers’, Journal of Pragmatics, 14: 383–95.Garf<strong>in</strong>kel, H. (1967) Studies <strong>in</strong> Ethnomethodology, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, paperback edition 1984: Studies <strong>in</strong>Ethnomethodology, Cambridge: Polity Press.Geertz, C. (1993) Local Knowledge, London: Fontana Press.Goffman, E. (1983) ‘The <strong>in</strong>teraction order’, American Sociological Review, 48: 1–17.Greatbatch, D. (1992) ‘On the management of disagreement between news <strong>in</strong>terviewees’, <strong>in</strong> P. Drew and J. Heritage (eds), Talkat Work – Interaction <strong>in</strong> Institutional Sett<strong>in</strong>gs, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Harris, S. (1995) ‘Pragmatics and power’, Journal of Pragmatics, 23: 117–35.Heritage, J. (1984) Garf<strong>in</strong>kel and Ethnomethodology, Cambridge: Polity Press.Heritage, J. (1989) ‘Current developments <strong>in</strong> conversation analysis’, <strong>in</strong> D. Roger and P. Bull (eds), Conversation: AnInterdiscipl<strong>in</strong>ary Perspective, Clevedon: Multil<strong>in</strong>gual Matters.Heritage, J. (1997) ‘Conversational analysis and <strong>in</strong>stitutional talk: analys<strong>in</strong>g data’, <strong>in</strong> D. Silverman (ed.), Qualitative Research:Theory, Method and Practice, London: Sage.Hutchby, I. and Wooffitt, R. (2001) Conversation Analysis, Pr<strong>in</strong>ciples, Practices and Applications, Cambridge: Polity Press.Jacobs, C. (1988) ‘Evidence and <strong>in</strong>ference <strong>in</strong> conversation analysis’, <strong>in</strong> J.A. Anderson (ed.), Communication Yearbook II,California: Sage.Jefferson, G. (1989) ‘Prelim<strong>in</strong>ary notes on a possible metric which provides for a “standard maximum’’ silence of approximatelyone second <strong>in</strong> conversation’, <strong>in</strong> D. Roger and P. Bull (eds), Conversation: An Interdiscipl<strong>in</strong>ary Perspective, Clevedon:Multil<strong>in</strong>gual Matters.Knights, D. and Willmott, H. (1992) ‘Conceptualis<strong>in</strong>g leadership processes: a study of senior managers <strong>in</strong> a f<strong>in</strong>ancial servicescompany’, Journal of Management Studies, 29 (6): 761–82.Kotter, J.P. (1982) The General Manager, New York: Free Press.
226 –––––––––– QUALITATIVE METHODS IN ORGANIZATION STUDIES ––––––––––––––––––Lynch, M. (2000a) ‘The ethnomethodological foundations of conversation analysis’, Text, 20 (4): 517–32.Lynch, M. (2000b) ‘Response <strong>to</strong> Wes Sharrock’, Text, 20 (4): 541–44.Mangham, I.L. (1986) Power and Performance <strong>in</strong> Organizations. An Exploration of Executive Process, Oxford: BasilBlackwell.Maynard, D.W. (1984) Inside Plea Barga<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g: The Language of Negotiation, New York: Plenum Press.Maynard, D.W. and Clayman, S.E. (1991) ‘The diversity of ethnomethodology’, Annual Review of Sociology, 17: 385–418.Mehan, H. (1979) Learn<strong>in</strong>g Lessons: Social Organization <strong>in</strong> the Classroom, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Miller, G. (1997) ‘Toward ethnographies of <strong>in</strong>stitutional discourse: proposal and suggestions’, <strong>in</strong> G. Miller and R. D<strong>in</strong>gwall (eds),Context and Method <strong>in</strong> Qualitative Research, London: Sage.M<strong>in</strong>tzberg, H. (1973) The Nature of Managerial Work, New York: Harper and Row.Moerman, M. (1988) Talk<strong>in</strong>g Culture, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Moerman, M. (1992) ‘Life after CA: an ethnographer’s au<strong>to</strong>biography’, <strong>in</strong> G. Watson and R.M. Seiler (eds), Text <strong>in</strong> Context,Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Nelson, C.K. (1994) ‘Ethnomethodological positions on the use of ethnographic data <strong>in</strong> conversation analytic <strong>research</strong>’, Journalof Contemporary Ethnography, 23 (3): 307–29.Pettigrew, A. (1992) ‘On study<strong>in</strong>g managerial elites’, Strategic Management Journal, w<strong>in</strong>ter special edition, 13: 163–82.Psathas, G. and Anderson, T. (1990) ‘The “practices” of transcription <strong>in</strong> conversation analysis’, Semiotica, 78: 75–99.Psathas, G. (1995) ‘Conversation Analysis, The Study of Talk-<strong>in</strong>-Interaction’, Qualitative <strong>research</strong> methods series 35, California:Sage.Psathas, G. (1999) ‘Study<strong>in</strong>g the organization <strong>in</strong> action: membership categorization and <strong>in</strong>teraction analysis’, Human Studies,22: 139–62.Putnam, L.L. and Fairhurst, G.T. (2001) ‘Discourse analysis <strong>in</strong> organizations. Issues and concerns’, <strong>in</strong> F.M. Jabl<strong>in</strong> and L. Putnam(eds), The New Handbook of Organizational Communication: Advances <strong>in</strong> Theory, Research and Methods, Newbury Park,CA: Sage.Richards, D.S. (2001) ‘Talk<strong>in</strong>g sense: ethnomethodology, postmodernism and practical action’, <strong>in</strong> R. Westwood and S. L<strong>in</strong>stead(eds), The Language of Organization, London: Sage.Sacks, H., Schegloff, E. and Jefferson, G. (1974) ‘A simplest systematics for the organisations of turn-tak<strong>in</strong>g for conversation’,Language, 50 (4): 696–735.Sacks, H. (1972) ‘An <strong>in</strong>itial <strong>in</strong>vestigation of the usability of conversational data for do<strong>in</strong>g sociology’, <strong>in</strong> D. Sudnow (ed.), Studies<strong>in</strong> Social Interaction, New York: Free Press.Sacks, H. (1984) ‘Methodological remarks’, <strong>in</strong> J.M. Atk<strong>in</strong>son and and J. Heritage (eds), Structures of Social Action: Studies <strong>in</strong>Conversation Analysis, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Sacks, H. (1992) Lectures on Conversation, edited by G. Jefferson (2 vols), Oxford: Blackwell.Samra-Fredericks, D. (1994) ‘Organis<strong>in</strong>g the past <strong>in</strong> the present as a way of beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g <strong>to</strong> construct <strong>to</strong>morrow – talk<strong>in</strong>g changeand chang<strong>in</strong>g talk’, paper presented <strong>to</strong> the Stand<strong>in</strong>g Conference on Organisational Symbolism, Calgary University, Canada.Samra-Fredericks, D. (1995) ‘The experience of be<strong>in</strong>g a ‘s<strong>in</strong>gle-case’ woman (<strong>in</strong> a multi-case world)’, paper presented at theBritish Academy of Management, Sheffield.Samra-Fredericks, D. (1996) ‘The <strong>in</strong>terpersonal management of compet<strong>in</strong>g rationalities – a critical ethnography of board-levelcompetence for “do<strong>in</strong>g” strategy as spoken <strong>in</strong> the “face” of change’, PhD thesis (access restricted) Brunel University/HenleyManagement College.Samra-Fredericks, D. (1998) ‘Conversation analysis’, <strong>in</strong> G. Symon and C. Cassell (eds), Qualitative Methods and Analysis <strong>in</strong>Organizational Research, A Practical Guide, London: Sage.Samra-Fredericks, D. (2000) ‘An analysis of the behavioural dynamics of corporate governance – a talk-based ethnography ofa UK manufactur<strong>in</strong>g ‘‘board-<strong>in</strong>-action’’’, Corporate Governance, an International Review, 8 (4): 311–25.Samra-Fredericks, D. (2003) ‘Strategiz<strong>in</strong>g as lived experience and strategists’ everyday efforts <strong>to</strong> shape strategic direction’,Journal of Management Studies, 40 (1): 141–74.Schegloff, E.A. (1987) ‘Between macro and micro: contexts and other connections’, <strong>in</strong> J. Alexander, B. Geisen, R. Munch andN. Smelser (eds), The Micro-Macro L<strong>in</strong>k, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Schegloff, E.A. (1997) ‘Whose text? Whose context?’, Discourse and Society, 8 (2): 165–87.Schegloff, E.A. (1998) ‘Reply <strong>to</strong> Wetherell’, Discourse and Society, 9 (3): 413–16.Schegloff, E.A. (1999) ‘Discourse, pragmatics, conversation analysis’, Discourse Studies, 1 (4): 405–35.Schegloff, E.A. and Sacks, H. (1973) ‘Open<strong>in</strong>g up clos<strong>in</strong>gs’, Semiotica, 8 (4): 289–327.Schiffr<strong>in</strong>, D. (1987) Discourse Markers, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Sharrock, W. (2000) ‘Where the simplest systematics fits: a response <strong>to</strong> Micheal Lynch’s “The ethnomethodological foundationsof conversation analysis”’, Text, 20 (4): 533–39.Silverman, D. (1997) ‘The logics of <strong>qualitative</strong> <strong>research</strong>’, <strong>in</strong> G. Miller and R. D<strong>in</strong>gwall (eds), Context and Method <strong>in</strong> QualitativeResearch, London: Sage.Silverman, D. (1998) Harvey Sacks, Social Science and Conversation Analysis, Cambridge: Polity Press.
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