–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– INDEX –––––––––– 387<strong>in</strong>terviews see electronic <strong>in</strong>terviews;group <strong>in</strong>terviews; <strong>qualitative</strong><strong>research</strong> <strong>in</strong>terviewsJackson-Cox, J. 171James, J. 293James, W. 96Janoff, S. 373Jenk<strong>in</strong>s, M. 76Jenn<strong>in</strong>gs, P.S. 88Job Competence Assessment process46Johnson, P. 4Jones, G.R. 36Karreman, D. 217Kassabova, D. 30Kelly, G. 61–2, 66K<strong>in</strong>cheloe, J.L. 180–1K<strong>in</strong>g, N. 365–6Kirklees Council, co-<strong>research</strong> project364Kroger, R.O. 13Krueger, R.A. 142Kuhn, M.H. 92Kvale, S. 11, 28Langer, S. 128languagecritical <strong>research</strong> 181, 187–8see also conversation analysis;discourse analysisLarson, J.R. 142Lawler, E. 370Leeds Attributional Cod<strong>in</strong>g System(LACS) 230–40Lew<strong>in</strong>, K. 350, 352, 357, 376life his<strong>to</strong>ry methodanalytic <strong>in</strong>duction 168–9application <strong>in</strong> organizations 36–7background 34–6data collection and analysis 37–8def<strong>in</strong>ition 34evaluation 42–3examples 38–42L<strong>in</strong>coln, Y. 3, 273L<strong>in</strong>daman, E. 379L<strong>in</strong>dén, J. 100Litw<strong>in</strong>, G.H. 142local authority leadership, co<strong>research</strong>project 364Locander, W.B. 195Locatelli, V. 88Loftland, J. 167Lowenthal, D. 306Luckman, T. 128Lynch, M. 222–3Madill, A. 12Mann, C. 25, 26, 27mapp<strong>in</strong>g, cognitive see cognitivemapp<strong>in</strong>gMarch<strong>in</strong>g<strong>to</strong>n, M. 172Markham, A. 183Marshall, H. 239Mass Observation archive 289–90,293matrices see data matricesMauthner, N. 295McAdams, D.P. 34–5McClelland, D. 46McLaren, P.L. 180–1McPartland, T.S. 87, 92meet<strong>in</strong>gs, conversation analysis218–21mental health care, template analysis258–66mental models 73Mezias, J. 354Miles, M.B. 271–3, 274, 275–6M<strong>in</strong>gers, J. 345M<strong>in</strong>tzberg, H. 111Mitchell, J.C. 177Moerman, M. 216, 223Moon, Y. 30, 32Morgan, D.L. 142Morgan, G. 129, 177Mumby, D.K. 183Murphy, S.T. 88Murray Research Center 291, 293–4myths, <strong>in</strong> organizations 123narratives see life his<strong>to</strong>ries; s<strong>to</strong>riesNational Life S<strong>to</strong>ry Collection 290National Social Policy and SocialChange Archive 295–8naturalism 313Naugh<strong>to</strong>n, J. 338Nonaka, I. 362North Tyneside Council, co-<strong>research</strong>project 364Nott<strong>in</strong>ghamshire County Council,co-<strong>research</strong> project 364NUD*IST software 263NVivo software 263observation see participan<strong>to</strong>bservationopen systems theory 378oral his<strong>to</strong>ry, archives 290<strong>organizational</strong> dynamics, his<strong>to</strong>ricalanalysis 303–4<strong>organizational</strong> memory 306–7<strong>organizational</strong> symbolism 129Pahl, R. 291Parker, I. 183Parks, M.R. 31participant observationadvantages 162–3analys<strong>in</strong>g data 156–7Ansells brewery strike 154, 157–63background <strong>to</strong> 154–7disadvantages 47, 160–1record<strong>in</strong>g data 156<strong>research</strong>er <strong>in</strong>volvement 154–6Participative Action Research 352see also Action ResearchParticipa<strong>to</strong>ry Rural Appraisal 382Payne, R. 354Peirce, C.S. 96periodization, his<strong>to</strong>rical <strong>research</strong>307–9personal construct psychology (PCP)61–2see also reper<strong>to</strong>ry gridspersonality metaphor image, oforganizations 129–37Pettigrew, A.M. 148, 325, 370phenomenological approachcritical <strong>in</strong>cident technique 55–6<strong>in</strong>terviews 12–13template analysis 257Philips, N. 183pic<strong>to</strong>rial representationcase studies 131–7focus groups 130problems of 137–8techniques 129–30use <strong>in</strong> <strong>research</strong> 127–9Pittaway, L. 46Plowman, P. 99–100Plummer, K. 38, 43police organizationsdiscourse analysis 208–12ethnography 314–18Pollio, H.R. 195Popper, K. 349postmodernism, and ethnography319, 320Potter, J. 130power, critical <strong>research</strong> 181, 187–8project group, study of 147–51Psathas, G. 221psychoanalysis, hermeneutics 196–8publish<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>dustry, reper<strong>to</strong>ry grids63–9puzzle learn<strong>in</strong>g 377Qualidata 290, 291, 293, 298<strong>qualitative</strong> data, reuse of 288–99<strong>qualitative</strong> methodsdef<strong>in</strong>ition 1–3evaluation criteria 4–5profile of 3–4reflexivity 5–6<strong>research</strong> practice 4–7tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g 7<strong>qualitative</strong> <strong>research</strong> <strong>in</strong>terviewsadvantages 20–1disadvantages 21example 14–17<strong>in</strong>terview <strong>guide</strong> 15–16methodology 13–20participant recruitment 16–17phenomenological <strong>in</strong>terviews12–13practical issues 17–20realist <strong>in</strong>terviews 12reflexivity 20<strong>research</strong> question 14–15social constructionist <strong>in</strong>terviews 13types of 11–13quantitative methods 2questionnaires, attributional cod<strong>in</strong>g229Rabbie, J.M. 142Rapoport, R. 349realist <strong>in</strong>terviews 12realists, analytic <strong>in</strong>duction 169–76referential frames method, TwentyStatements Test 89–92reflexivitycritical <strong>research</strong> 181–2electronic <strong>in</strong>terviews 30–1participant observation 157<strong>qualitative</strong> methods 5–6<strong>qualitative</strong> <strong>research</strong> <strong>in</strong>terviews 20reper<strong>to</strong>ry grid technique 69–70reper<strong>to</strong>ry gridsapplication <strong>in</strong> <strong>research</strong> 62–3background 61evaluation 69–71<strong>research</strong> example 63–9and Twenty Statements Test 95
388 –––––––––– INDEX –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––Research Action (RA) see ActionResearch<strong>research</strong> practice, <strong>qualitative</strong>approaches 4–7<strong>research</strong>ersgender issues 317–18<strong>in</strong>volvement <strong>in</strong> analytic <strong>in</strong>duction167–8<strong>in</strong>volvement <strong>in</strong> case studies 332<strong>in</strong>volvement <strong>in</strong> ethnography 316<strong>in</strong>volvement <strong>in</strong> group study 147–8<strong>in</strong>volvement <strong>in</strong> life his<strong>to</strong>ries 41–2<strong>in</strong>volvement <strong>in</strong> participan<strong>to</strong>bservation 154–6, 160–1<strong>in</strong>volvement <strong>in</strong> s<strong>to</strong>rytell<strong>in</strong>g 115,116–17reuse of data 288–99Ricoeur, P. 192Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC),ethnography 314–18Sackett, P.R. 142Sacks, H. 214, 215Saleh, N.M. 193Sallis, P. 30Salmon, P. 62Sandercock, L. 382–3sceptics, analytic <strong>in</strong>duction 169–76Schegloff, E.A. 222Sche<strong>in</strong>, E.H. 245schools, environmental ActionResearch projects 355–7scientists, hermeneutic study of199–200Search Conference see FutureConferenceself assessment see Twenty StatementsTestShamdasani, P.N. 142Sheridan, D. 293Sköldberg, K. 192, 196small and medium enterprises(SMEs), group <strong>in</strong>terviews 144–7social activism 351–2social constructionism 13, 46discourse analysis 208–9, 212group contexts 140–1, 143soft systems analysis (SSA)application <strong>in</strong> CADCAM system339–46CATWOE 338def<strong>in</strong>ition 334–5methodology 335–9strengths of 346–7weaknesses of 347–8Solution Focused Therapy 379Sommer, S. 354Sorensen, A. 293speech see conversation analysis;discourse analysisSpitzer, S. 87sport <strong>in</strong> the community, FutureConference 379–81Stake, R. 315, 326Starbuck, W. 354Stephens, R.A. 62, 63Stewart, D.W. 142Stewart, F. 25, 26, 27Stewart, R. 99, 111S<strong>to</strong>hl, C. 183s<strong>to</strong>riesdef<strong>in</strong>ition 114–15distribution across organizations120–1epistemology 123–4example 117–23f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>gs 119–23<strong>in</strong>terpretation 121–3methodology 116–17<strong>research</strong>er <strong>in</strong>volvement 115,116–17types of 119–20use <strong>in</strong> <strong>research</strong> 115–16Strati, A. 196Strauss, A. 169, 172, 242, 275stress, collective 243–8Str<strong>in</strong>ger, R.A. 142Susman, G. 354symbolism, <strong>organizational</strong> 129Symon, G. 88, 229, 342systems analysis see soft systemsanalysistalk-<strong>in</strong>-<strong>in</strong>teraction see conversationanalysistask forces 142Tavis<strong>to</strong>ck Institute 352Taylor, S.J. 154, 155, 156, 157team <strong>research</strong> see co-<strong>research</strong>team-build<strong>in</strong>g efforts 142template analysisadvantages and disadvantages 257,268–9and data matrices 275–6, 281def<strong>in</strong>ition 256development of template 259–63and grounded theory 242, 257<strong>in</strong>terpretation 266–7mental health care study 258–66presentation 267–8software 263, 266Thompson, C.J. 195Thompson, P. 290, 291, 294Tillery, D. 194Townsend, Peter, data archive 288,291, 295–8trade unions, analytic <strong>in</strong>duction167–76tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g, <strong>qualitative</strong> methods 7transcript-extr<strong>in</strong>sic data, conversationanalysis 216, 223Trist, E. 353, 372, 373Twenty Statements Test (TST)application of 89–93background 86–7epistemology 96evaluation 95–6methodology 87–8rat<strong>in</strong>g system 89–91, 92–3, 94–5reliability 91–2<strong>research</strong> literature 96self evaluation 93understand<strong>in</strong>g see hermeneuticsUnited K<strong>in</strong>gdom, data archives289–90United Statesdata archives 290–1Twenty Statements Test 87–8Van Maanen, J. 163Van Oostrum, J. 142verstehen 196von Bertalannfy, L. 378Wadd<strong>in</strong>g<strong>to</strong>n, P.A.J. 208Wa<strong>in</strong>wright, H. 291Walker, H. 88Walther, J.B. 29, 30Warwick University LocalAuthorities ResearchConsortium 365–8Watts, G. 46Webb, J. 291Weick, K.E. 128, 306Weisbord, M. 373West, M.A. 88Westmarland, L. 160Wetherall, M. 130White, H. 301Wieder, D.L. 216Willig, C. 12Willis, P. 182W<strong>in</strong>nicott, 197Witmar, D.F. 183women<strong>in</strong> police force 208–12<strong>in</strong> publish<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>dustry 63–9as <strong>research</strong>ers 317–18Wood, L.A. 13work-team study 142Yardley, L. 5Y<strong>in</strong>, R. 324, 326, 328, 330, 332Zeitlyn, D. 293Zimmerman, D.H. 216
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