86 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6lies—a category which is broadly defined (see below)—to enter and remainin the destination country, irrespective of refugee or other status.The circumstances in which this will be the case have been consideredmost comprehensively 187 by the European Court of Human Rights, applyingthe right to respect for private and family life under Article 8ECHR. 188 The obligation arises only in limited circumstances, in light ofthe principle of State control of entry to its territory, and the Court hasemphasised that Article 8 does <strong>no</strong>t require States to respect choice ofmatrimonial residence or authorise family reunion in their territory. 189Under Article 8 there will however be a positive obligation on the Stateof destination to facilitate family reunification on its territory wherethere is an insurmountable objective obstacle preventing the migrantalready with its jurisdiction from realising his or her family liferights in any other place. 190The Court will take into consideration the reasons why one family memberleft his or her State of origin or residence without other membersof the family. Fleeing war and/or seeking asylum might be strong argumentsthat hinder the development of family life outside of the countryof destination. 191 As between two adults, it will be difficult to plead theexistence of an insurmountable obstacle against living together in the187 Gül v. Switzerland, ECtHR, Case No. 53/1995/559/645, Judgment of 19 February 1996,para. 38. See also, Tuquabo-Tekle and Others v. the Netherlands, ECtHR, ApplicationNo. 60665/00, Judgment of 1 December 2005, para. 42; Sen v. the Netherlands, ECtHR,Application No. 31465/96, Judgment of 21 December 2001, para. 31; Abdulaziz, Cabalesand Balkandali v. United Kingdom, ECtHR, op. cit., fn. 43; Ahmut v. the Netherlands, ECtHR,Case No. 73/1995/579/665, Judgment of 26 October 1996, para. 64; Hode and Abdi v.the United Kingdom, ECtHR, op. cit., fn. 59; Osman v. Denmark, ECtHR, Application No.38058/09, Judgment of 14 June 2011; Haydarie and Others v. the Netherlands, ECtHR,Application No. 8876/04, Admissibility Decision, 25 October 2005, The Law; Benamar v. theNetherlands, ECtHR, Application No. 43786/04, Admissibility Decision, 5 April 2005, TheLaw; Chandra and Others v. the Netherlands, ECtHR, Application No. 53102/99, AdmissibilityDecision, 13 May 2003, The Law.188 Although it has <strong>no</strong>t decided on this situation, the Human Rights Committee has found thatthe right of family reunification was protected under Article 23 ICCPR in Ngambi and Nébol v.France, CCPR, Communication No. 1179/2003, Views of 16 July 2004, para. 6.4. Concernsabout family reunification have been also raised by the Concluding Observations on Denmark,CESCR, UN Doc. E/C.12/1/Add.102, 14 December 2004, paras. 16 and 24; ConcludingObservations on Hungary, CESCR, UN Doc. E/C.12/HUN/CO/3, 16 January 2008, paras. 21and 44; Concluding Observations on Austria, CCPR, UN Doc. CCPR/C/AUT/CO/4, 30 October2007, para. 19; Concluding Observations on France, CCPR, UN Doc. CCPR/C/FRA/CO/4,31 July 2008, para. 21.189 Gül v. Switzerland, ECtHR, op. cit., fn. 187, para. 38. See also, Tuquabo-Tekle and Othersv. the Netherlands, ECtHR, op. cit., fn. 187, para. 43; Abdulaziz, Cabales and Balkandali v.United Kingdom, ECtHR, op. cit., fn. 43, para. 68; Haydarie and Others v. the Netherlands,ECtHR, op. cit., fn. 187, The Law; Benamar and Others v. the Netherlands, ECtHR, op. cit.,fn. 187, The Law; Chandra and Others v. the Netherlands, ECtHR, op. cit., fn. 187.190 See, Benamar and Others v. the Netherlands, ECtHR, op. cit., fn. 187, The Law. See also,Gül v. Switzerland, ECtHR, op. cit., fn. 187, paras. 38–42; Sen v. the Netherlands, ECtHR,op. cit., fn. 187, para. 31.191 See, Tuquabo-Tekle and Others v. the Netherlands, ECtHR, op. cit., fn. 187, para. 47.
MIGRATION AND INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW | 87country of origin, unless the person in the country of destination isthere as a refugee or beneficiary of international protection. 192Obstacles to or conditions for family reunification will violate the rightto respect for family life where they can be shown to be unreasonable.The Court did <strong>no</strong>t consider unreasonable a requirement of demonstratingsufficient independent and lasting income, <strong>no</strong>t being welfare benefits,to provide for the basic costs of subsistence of the family memberswith whom reunion is sought. 193Finally, a rule that discriminates as to family reunification (whether detrimentallyor preferentially) based on the gender of the person settledin the country of destination, whether a marriage between a refugeeand his or her spouse took place before or after fleeing the country oforigin, or presumably other prohibited grounds, would breach the prohibitio<strong>no</strong>f discrimination in connection with the right to family life. 194i) What is a family?For the purposes of the right to respect for family life and in cases wherefamily reunification is sought, how is “family” defined? The EuropeanCourt’s definition is a broad one, which has developed over time in accordancewith changing ideas of family, and is likely to continue to doso in light of evolving social attitudes. 195 The Court has addressed twobroad categories of relationships: relationships between children andtheir parents; and partnerships between adults. 196In the context of relationships between mi<strong>no</strong>r children and their parents,family life will always be considered to exist between a child and192 See, on the negative outcome, Abdulaziz, Cabales and Balkandali v. United Kingdom, ECtHR,op. cit., fn. 43, paras. 66–69.193 Haydarie and Others v. the Netherlands, ECtHR, op. cit., fn. 187, The Law. Also previouslyheld by the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe in Resolution (78) 33, CMCE,op. cit., fn. 179, Article B.1(b)(iii). See, Concluding Observations on Switzerland, CCPR,Report of the Human Rights Committee to the General Assembly, 52 nd Session, Vol. I,UN Doc. A/52/40 (1997), paras. 103 and 114: the Human Rights Committee found that arule prohibiting family reunification for foreign workers until 18 months after the obtainingof a temporary residence permit was <strong>no</strong>t in compliance with Article 23 ICCPR (children’srights), as the possibility of reunification should be given “shortly after” obtaining thepermit. The Committee of Ministers in 1978 stressed that the waiting period should bereduced to a minimum and <strong>no</strong>t exceed twelve months: Resolution (78) 33, CMCE, op. cit.,fn. 179, Article B.1(b)(i).194 See, Abdulaziz, Cabales and Balkandali v. United Kingdom, ECtHR, op. cit., fn. 43,paras. 74–83. See also, Mauritian Women Case, CCPR, op. cit., fn. 55. On the question oftime of marriage in relation to family reunifaction as a prohibited ground of discrimination,see, Hode and Abdi v. the United Kingdom, ECtHR, op. cit., fn. 59, paras. 42–56.195 Schalk and Kopf v. Austria, ECtHR, Application No. 30141/04, Judgment of 24 June 2010,paras. 93–95.196 See restatement of the Court’s jurisprudence in Onur v. United Kingdom, ECtHR, ApplicationNo. 27319/07, Judgment of 27 February 2009, paras. 43–45. See also, Konstati<strong>no</strong>v v. theNetherlands, ECtHR, Application No. 16351/03, Judgment of 26 April 2007, para. 52.
- Page 1 and 2:
Migration andInternational Human Ri
- Page 3 and 4:
Migration andInternational Human Ri
- Page 5 and 6:
MIGRATION AND INTERNATIONAL HUMAN R
- Page 7 and 8:
MIGRATION AND INTERNATIONAL HUMAN R
- Page 9 and 10:
MIGRATION AND INTERNATIONAL HUMAN R
- Page 11 and 12:
MIGRATION AND INTERNATIONAL HUMAN R
- Page 13 and 14:
MIGRATION AND INTERNATIONAL HUMAN R
- Page 15 and 16:
MIGRATION AND INTERNATIONAL HUMAN R
- Page 17 and 18:
MIGRATION AND INTERNATIONAL HUMAN R
- Page 19 and 20:
MIGRATION AND INTERNATIONAL HUMAN R
- Page 21 and 22:
MIGRATION AND INTERNATIONAL HUMAN R
- Page 23 and 24:
MIGRATION AND INTERNATIONAL HUMAN R
- Page 25 and 26:
MIGRATION AND INTERNATIONAL HUMAN R
- Page 27 and 28:
MIGRATION AND INTERNATIONAL HUMAN R
- Page 29 and 30:
MIGRATION AND INTERNATIONAL HUMAN R
- Page 31 and 32:
MIGRATION AND INTERNATIONAL HUMAN R
- Page 33 and 34:
MIGRATION AND INTERNATIONAL HUMAN R
- Page 35 and 36:
MIGRATION AND INTERNATIONAL HUMAN R
- Page 37 and 38:
MIGRATION AND INTERNATIONAL HUMAN R
- Page 39 and 40:
MIGRATION AND INTERNATIONAL HUMAN R
- Page 41 and 42:
MIGRATION AND INTERNATIONAL HUMAN R
- Page 43 and 44:
MIGRATION AND INTERNATIONAL HUMAN R
- Page 45 and 46:
MIGRATION AND INTERNATIONAL HUMAN R
- Page 47 and 48:
MIGRATION AND INTERNATIONAL HUMAN R
- Page 49:
MIGRATION AND INTERNATIONAL HUMAN R
- Page 52 and 53: 36 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6of ri
- Page 54 and 55: 38 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6the i
- Page 56 and 57: 40 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6• A
- Page 58 and 59: 42 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6heigh
- Page 60 and 61: 44 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6worke
- Page 62 and 63: 46 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6activ
- Page 64 and 65: 48 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6rent
- Page 66 and 67: 50 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6CHAPT
- Page 68 and 69: 52 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6terri
- Page 70 and 71: 54 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6the U
- Page 72 and 73: 56 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6The A
- Page 74 and 75: 58 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6ii) G
- Page 76 and 77: 60 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6gende
- Page 78 and 79: 62 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6Note
- Page 80 and 81: 64 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6A lim
- Page 82 and 83: 66 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6The U
- Page 84 and 85: 68 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6Box 3
- Page 86 and 87: 70 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6be su
- Page 88 and 89: 72 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6right
- Page 90 and 91: 74 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6the a
- Page 92 and 93: 76 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6isfy
- Page 94 and 95: 78 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6In pa
- Page 96 and 97: 80 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6and i
- Page 98 and 99: 82 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6It is
- Page 100 and 101: 84 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6Under
- Page 104 and 105: 88 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6the p
- Page 106 and 107: 90 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6evolv
- Page 108 and 109: 92 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6also
- Page 110 and 111: 94 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6permi
- Page 112 and 113: 96 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6es in
- Page 114 and 115: 98 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6State
- Page 116 and 117: 100 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 65. S
- Page 118 and 119: 102 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6Unde
- Page 120 and 121: 104 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6tion
- Page 122 and 123: 106 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6they
- Page 124 and 125: 108 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6CHAP
- Page 126 and 127: 110 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6has
- Page 128 and 129: 112 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6for
- Page 130 and 131: 114 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6prot
- Page 132 and 133: 116 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6to s
- Page 134 and 135: 118 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6ment
- Page 136 and 137: 120 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6also
- Page 138 and 139: 122 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6nati
- Page 140 and 141: 124 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6(iv)
- Page 142 and 143: 126 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6char
- Page 144 and 145: 128 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6In t
- Page 146 and 147: 130 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6this
- Page 148 and 149: 132 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6thro
- Page 150 and 151: 134 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6In t
- Page 152 and 153:
136 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6proh
- Page 154 and 155:
138 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6mate
- Page 156 and 157:
140 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6just
- Page 158 and 159:
142 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6“p
- Page 160 and 161:
144 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 63. t
- Page 162 and 163:
146 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6Furt
- Page 164 and 165:
148 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6poss
- Page 166 and 167:
150 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6CHAP
- Page 168 and 169:
152 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6proc
- Page 170 and 171:
154 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6the
- Page 172 and 173:
156 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6expu
- Page 174 and 175:
158 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6Box
- Page 176 and 177:
160 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6•
- Page 178 and 179:
162 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6have
- Page 180 and 181:
164 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6At t
- Page 182 and 183:
166 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6Box
- Page 184 and 185:
168 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6The
- Page 186 and 187:
170 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6exec
- Page 188 and 189:
172 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6huma
- Page 190 and 191:
174 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6“i
- Page 192 and 193:
176 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6Arti
- Page 194 and 195:
178 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6to r
- Page 196 and 197:
180 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6suff
- Page 198 and 199:
182 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6Righ
- Page 200 and 201:
184 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6•
- Page 202 and 203:
186 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6vent
- Page 204 and 205:
188 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6One
- Page 206 and 207:
190 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6tion
- Page 208 and 209:
192 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6orde
- Page 210 and 211:
194 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6ICCP
- Page 212 and 213:
196 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6gans
- Page 214 and 215:
198 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6one
- Page 216 and 217:
200 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6his
- Page 218 and 219:
202 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6For
- Page 220 and 221:
204 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6c) A
- Page 222 and 223:
206 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6the
- Page 224 and 225:
208 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6race
- Page 226 and 227:
210 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6ing
- Page 228 and 229:
212 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6left
- Page 230 and 231:
214 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6judi
- Page 232 and 233:
216 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6b) R
- Page 234 and 235:
218 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6upon
- Page 236 and 237:
220 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6well
- Page 238 and 239:
222 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6•
- Page 240 and 241:
224 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6Wher
- Page 242 and 243:
226 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6CHAP
- Page 244 and 245:
228 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6This
- Page 246 and 247:
230 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6The
- Page 248 and 249:
232 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6law
- Page 250 and 251:
234 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6a re
- Page 252 and 253:
236 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6Huma
- Page 254 and 255:
238 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6the
- Page 256 and 257:
240 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6same
- Page 258 and 259:
242 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6civi
- Page 260 and 261:
244 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6As f
- Page 262 and 263:
246 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6priv
- Page 264 and 265:
248 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6•
- Page 266 and 267:
250 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6has
- Page 268 and 269:
252 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6The
- Page 270 and 271:
254 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6allo
- Page 272 and 273:
256 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6stre
- Page 274 and 275:
258 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6is c
- Page 276 and 277:
260 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6educ
- Page 278 and 279:
262 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6CHAP
- Page 280 and 281:
264 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6ther
- Page 282 and 283:
266 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6not
- Page 284 and 285:
268 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6•
- Page 286 and 287:
270 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6also
- Page 288 and 289:
272 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6Wher
- Page 290 and 291:
274 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6•
- Page 292 and 293:
276 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6port
- Page 294 and 295:
278 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6The
- Page 296 and 297:
280 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6irre
- Page 298 and 299:
282 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6any
- Page 300 and 301:
284 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6serv
- Page 302 and 303:
286 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6d) P
- Page 304 and 305:
288 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6Cent
- Page 306 and 307:
290 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6ANNE
- Page 308 and 309:
292 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6ANNE
- Page 310 and 311:
294 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6of w
- Page 312 and 313:
296 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6Amer
- Page 314 and 315:
298 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6righ
- Page 316 and 317:
300 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6of a
- Page 318 and 319:
302 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6a re
- Page 320 and 321:
304 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6prov
- Page 322 and 323:
306 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6one,
- Page 324 and 325:
308 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6When
- Page 326 and 327:
310 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6Ther
- Page 328 and 329:
312 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6•
- Page 330 and 331:
314 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6the
- Page 332 and 333:
316 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6dire
- Page 334 and 335:
318 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6II.
- Page 336 and 337:
320 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6Comm
- Page 338 and 339:
322 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6Admi
- Page 340 and 341:
324 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6fina
- Page 342 and 343:
326 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 63. E
- Page 344 and 345:
328 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6asks
- Page 346 and 347:
330 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6The
- Page 348 and 349:
332 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6subm
- Page 350 and 351:
334 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6ligh
- Page 352 and 353:
336 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6The
- Page 354 and 355:
338 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6a) B
- Page 356 and 357:
340 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6resp
- Page 358 and 359:
342 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6Spec
- Page 360:
344 | PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 6(d)
- Page 364:
ISBN 978-92-9037-151-X