Four degrees and beyond: the potential for a global ... - Amper

spread in
mosquitoborne
disease may
encourage
use of DDT
(n, n)
∗∗∗∗∗ — loss of keystone
species
(some y, n)
loss of saltmarsh
and mangroves
to sea-level rise
(y, y)
land conversion
owing to shifts
in agricultural
production
(some y, n)
changes in
hydrology affect
soil moisture
content and
evaporation
rates (y, y)
terrestrial
ecosystems
∗∗∗∗∗ changes in marine
productivity
oceans — — declines in
migratory
freshwater fish
Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A (2011)
Downloaded from
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Review. Interactions in a 4 ◦ C world 223
(y, n)
changes in net loss of calcifying ∗∗∗∗∗ declines
primary
species, potential
owing to
production affect disruption of
DDT use
competition (e.g. marine ecosystem,
(n, n)
savannah/scrub, in particular (n, n)
lianas/trees)
(some y, some y)
loss of ecosystem loss of fish stocks, loss loss of medicinal ∗∗∗∗∗
services, e.g. C of livelihoods of plants (n, n);
sinks, water persons dependent spread of
purification, on coral reef fish infectious disease
coastal
(y, y)
(y, y)
protection; soil
erosion, nature
deficit syndrome
(some y, n)
— — — —
loss of coastal
wetlands (y, n)
agricultural
intensification
reducing
biodiversity
(n, n)
biodiversity declines in species
(some y, some
y); construction
of dams disrupts
freshwater
ecosystems
saltwater intrusion
threatening water
supplies; potential
for disease
post-coastal
flooding (n, n)
malnutrition
(y, y)
human health water stress (y, y);
construction of
dams can lead
to outbreaks of
disease such as
malaria and
schistosomiasis
(n, n)
— damage owing to
storm surges
(y, y)
subsidence (n, n);
construction of
dams can lead
to inundation of
settlements
(n, n)
settlements
and
infrastructure