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Western countries. Family and other social relationships, as well as housing and local environment conditions, are important factors in emigration decision, but Fouarge and Ester (2007a) and Bonin et al. (2008) show that employment-related factors, such as higher income, better working conditions, and opportunities of finding a suitable job are key migration motivators in Europe, and in the new members states in particular. Therefore we decided to study only the emigration in Western region of EU. In order to compute the wage in destination country compared to the wage in the source country, we have chosen the average annual gross earnings in health and social care in each source country compared to the average annual gross earnings in health and social care for developed countries in EU, the old members (EU15). Table II.1.3.7 introduces the relative wages to be used in the future calculations. Table II.1.3.7: The relative wages for EE countries Average annual gross earnings for Country Health and social work Relative wage EU 15 29937.1 Bulgaria 2346.4 0.078 Czech Republic 7054.1 0.236 Estonia - - Latvia 4010.9 0.134 Lithuania 5526.70* 0.185 Hungary 7243.2 0.242 Poland 4920.3 0.164 Romania 2883.3 0.096 Slovenia - Slovakia Source data: Eurostat, 2005 4637.4 0.155 * This value is obtained by extrapolation of data (available data only for 1997-1999) ! B.2.b. MENA Countries Given the distribution of salaries as well as the percent of medical doctors per European and American destinations and using 1 for North African, 1.5 for other Middle East, 2 for Golf, 3 for Europe and 4 for America, a weighted relative wage is computed as given in Table III.B.3. The US wage data are provided by the US doctor annual wages for average median specialty and for starting doctors provided under “Physician Compensation Survey, By the American Medical Group Association (AMGA)”. The European data are by OECD databases (2009). The MENA wages for medical doctors are taken from ! **%!
different websites for different countries as summarized in Table II.1.3.8. Table II.1.3.9 introduces the relative wages to be used in the calculations.!! Table II.1.3.8: Minimal wages for medical doctors in MENA countries Countries Doctors salaries per month Morocco New Generalist: 727 to 1200 # Specialist : 1200 to 2000 # Algeria Generalist: 250 to 500 # Specialist: 550 to 2000 # Tunisia Generalist: 791 to 1200 # Specialist: 1200 to 2000 # Egypt Doctors starts at 53$/month Doctors with experience: 1000 $ Jordan Fresh graduates doctor: 325JD (1 JD=1.41 $ in 2010 Doctors with experience (more than 15 years): 800JD Turkey In western cities, Doctors are paid approximately 3500,00-4000,00YTL in the private sector 1YTL= 0.64 $ in 2010 Doctors are paid approximately: 15000,00 YTL in public sector In eastern and southern cities 15000,00 YTL , average wage in this region is: 10,000YTL Yemen ! ! ! The income of Yemeni physicians ranges between YR 19,000 and YR 340,000 1YR=0.005 $ in 2010 Table II.1.3.9: 1991-2004 Percentage of emigrant medical doctors and relative salaries by major destinations Weighted % relative Country of Training %EU America wages Algeria 86.45 13.55 3.14 Bahrain 7.22 92.78 1.96 Egypt 32.41 67.59 3.68 Iran 28.32 71.68 3.72 Iraq 58.40 41.60 3.42 Jordan 42.44 57.56 2.38 Kuwait 16.77 83.23 1.92 Lebanon 11.18 88.82 2.59 Libya 86.89 13.11 3.13 Morocco 95.49 4.51 3.05 Palestinian Territory 41.51 58.49 3.58 Oman 26.84 73.16 1.87 Saudi Arabia 24.32 75.68 1.88 Sudan 85.17 14.83 3.15 Syria 24.72 75.28 2.50 Tunisia 91.82 8.18 3.08 Turkey 37.18 62.82 3.63 United Arab Emirates 1.27 98.73 1.99 Yemen 82.57 17.43 3.17 ! **&!
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F E M I S E R E S E A R C H P R O G
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What Can Be Learnt from the New Eco
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AMGA: American Medical Group Associ
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USA: United State of America WB: Wo
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medical doctors are then free to en
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elate to quality research and educa
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This may concern also EU countries
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discussed both in theory and practi
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EU are then described and discussed
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specialties. This study shows that
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with this trade. Special arrangemen
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into the developed countries; where
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them as follow: Cross-border delive
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In this regard, the EU is suggestin
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Given the importance of health care
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Serbia. Low wages, poor working con
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• How does tertiary education wit
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Driouchi & Kadiri (2010) are promis
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annual living costs per student. Th
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Lithuania 4.12 4.15 4.01 4.03 3.97
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Egypt 67.57 68.86 70.17 71.52 72.89
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observed externally from developing
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Relative Wages : MIN MENA / By comp
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No future, Heavy workload, to save
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one-year qualification apprenticesh
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Other European Countries Austria 4
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one medical university and studies
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includes a three-year vocational tr
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has 18 medical universities and stu
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général du Gouvernement to gradua
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of Medical Science, Bachelor of Med
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Egypt Iran 29463 31445 32134 25990
Page 65 and 66: major policies and strategies relat
Page 67 and 68: The aim of this sub-part is to prov
Page 69 and 70: • What is the role of mobility of
Page 71 and 72: Commonwealth of Independent states
Page 73 and 74: Dodani and LaPorte (2005) suggest t
Page 75 and 76: In regards to the mobility of Europ
Page 77 and 78: The general conclusions of these th
Page 79 and 80: Specific factors Impact of HIV/AIDS
Page 81 and 82: Portugal X X Romania X X X Russian
Page 83 and 84: Germany Italy Spain Lithuania Slova
Page 85 and 86: Italy (2%) and Russia (4) in 2008 (
Page 87 and 88: theory assumes perfect transferabil
Page 89 and 90: The data available suggest potentia
Page 91 and 92: This chapter deals with the migrati
Page 93 and 94: networks and on the major channels
Page 95 and 96: assumed here that emigration decisi
Page 97 and 98: Increases (respectively decreases)
Page 99 and 100: Figure II.1.2: The shape of H as a
Page 101 and 102: The optimal emigration rate that ca
Page 103 and 104: Figure II.1.4: Effects of the Level
Page 105 and 106: empirical investigation focuses on
Page 107 and 108: Table II.1.3.1: Country annual tren
Page 109 and 110: Table II.1.3.2: Country annual tren
Page 111 and 112: ! ! C/D>)! 01::! 0103! 5881::7! E#%
Page 113 and 114: "#$%&'!()*)+!Eurostat Database Abou
Page 115: Using these parameter estimates, co
Page 119 and 120: the theoretical values of the relat
Page 121 and 122: p-value 0.33 0.03 t test 0.99 2.25
Page 123 and 124: The following set of graphs are the
Page 125 and 126: The countries with higher number of
Page 127 and 128: Turkey (m*=0.41, m**=0.77) Yemen (m
Page 129 and 130: periods but should be concerned abo
Page 131 and 132: health report “Comptes Nationaux
Page 133 and 134: In accordance with the health insur
Page 135 and 136: 95 adults >15 years old per 100000
Page 137 and 138: To achieve progress in the health s
Page 139 and 140: The external problems comprise (1)
Page 141 and 142: first four hospital universities ex
Page 143 and 144: monitoring trends and economic fact
Page 145 and 146: Other support staff 6300 2.11 2004
Page 147 and 148: areas, the case of doctors who reti
Page 149 and 150: areas of Morocco. It is computed ye
Page 151 and 152: political instability, economic dep
Page 153 and 154: 1. Gender VS Intention to Migrate A
Page 155 and 156: salaries differs according to the w
Page 157 and 158: Results The results are given below
Page 159 and 160: These results suggest that the numb
Page 161 and 162: Finally, the questionnaire records
Page 163 and 164: The past decades have witnessed an
Page 165 and 166: changed the notion of space, where
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implications on health, Huynen et a
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Figure III.1.3: Social stratificati
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Lee et al., (2007) primarily focus
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However, Collins (203) does recogni
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America. In Africa, where there are
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physicians from Liberia practice in
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Figure III.1.7: Migrant care worker
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espectively. An interesting particu
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Table III.1.5: Supply of foreign (-
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Table III.1.6: Health care wages in
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Figure II.1.11: Factors affecting h
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Figure III.1.12: Factors contributi
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Table III.1.10: International Quali
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health as integral to wellbeing thr
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III.2.1 Need for A cooperative Fram
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graduate spends of certain number o
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III.2.2 Migration of Medical Doctor
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The convexity condition is simply a
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• A payoff vector (ai)i S is said
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III.2.2.2 Discussion and Public Pol
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Europe. Second, in the North Africa
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In the short run, the country of or
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great incentive for medical student
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system, and therefore to the rest o
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MENA countries could be moving to p
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of their medical school. The other
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Beine, M., Docquier, F. & Rapoport,
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German Medical Association.(2011).
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World Bank Database, 2007. World Ba
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http://gse.buffalo.edu/org/inthighe
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Berland, Y. (2002). Demographie des
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Gericke, C.A. (2006). Finance healt
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Salehi-Isfahani, D., Tunali, I., As
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Beine, M., Docquier, F. & Rapoport,
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Docquier, F., Lohest, O. & Marfouk,
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Labdelaoui, H. (2010). Les dimensio
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Stark, O. (1991), The Migration of
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WHO - World Health Organization (20
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Linacre, S. (2007). “Migration: p
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Challenging Inequities in Health: F
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Mullan, F. (2007). Doctors and Socc
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Vujicic M, Zurn P, Diallo K, Dal Po
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Collins, T. (2003). Globalization,
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Kana, M.A., (2009). From Brain Drai
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Sagoe, K. (2004). Using the Diaspor
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Sub-part II.1: Appendix I Appendice
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means that So if , then: > which is
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A, B,C>0 and , , Then Demo 5: Sign
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t test 3.21788138 1.86856175 3.1713
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Lithuania Years m Relative wage H/H
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Romania Years m Relative wage H/H0
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MENA Countries Risk Neutral Model C
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Tunisia Turkey 1993 0.1781 2.50 1.9
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Syria Tunisia Turkey Yemen Stand.de
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Morocco Syria Tunisia t-stat (theor
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Risk aversion model summary table C
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Table II-2-1.2: Projections of the
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Observations 5 Coefficients Erreur-
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Figure 4: Age distribution within r
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Figure 11: Migration conditions dis
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! "(&!
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! "((!
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! ")+!
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! ")"!
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! ")$!
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