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developed countries to Morocco which explains the existence of foreign doctors in the country. In 2005, the number of foreign medical doctors and pharmacists was 619 foreigners (Khachani, 2010). This market opening is due to free trade agreements with the European Union and the United States. However, Moroccan doctors complain that they were not consulted and they fear the expected competition especially given the predicted draconian conditions of the health sector (A.B., 2009). Among the factors leading to the emigration of medical doctors is the promise of brain gain enjoyed by both sending and receiving countries. Driouchi and Kadiri (2010) state that the countries under lower gains such as Morocco can enhance their capacity of education of medical doctors as a way to improve their overall benefits. ! Table II.2.1.6: Distribution of Medical Personnel of both Public and Private Sectors per region (June 2009; Ministry of Health, 2009) Local Gov. Professors, Ministry of health doctors Agencies Researchers Private Doctors Regions/ Indicators Generalist Specialist Total Generalist Specialist Generalist Specialist Total 01- Oued Eddahab-Laguira 37 7 44 1 0 3 0 3 02- Laayoune-Boujdour-Sakia L'Hamra 67 39 106 3 0 15 17 32 03- Guelmim-Smara 124 23 147 3 0 24 4 28 04- Sous-Masa-Draa 416 207 623 10 0 237 205 442 05- El Gharb-Chrarda-Bni Hssaine 242 122 364 19 0 211 152 363 06- Chaouia-Ourdigha 261 131 392 14 0 199 84 283 07- Marrakech-Tensift-El Haouz 392 315 707 19 115 253 225 478 08- Region Orientale 297 148 445 22 0 246 218 464 09- Grand Casablanca 520 1518 2038 60 287 1244 1607 2851 10- Rabat-Sale-Zemmour-Zaer 595 1262 1857 50 718 548 762 1310 11- Doukkala-Abda 188 140 328 9 0 189 127 316 12- Tadla-Azilal 148 72 220 8 0 125 64 189 13- Meknes-Tafilalet 359 184 543 25 0 253 168 421 14- Fes-Boulemane 303 447 750 20 71 185 248 433 15- Taza-Al Hoceima-Taounate 233 92 325 11 0 91 32 123 16- Tanger-Tetouan 315 237 552 27 0 286 295 581 Total 4497 4944 9441 301 1191 4109 4208 8317 Research in the domain of medical services is very important and can improve the status of health in Morocco. According to the ministry of health the position of researcher/ professor is filled by 1191 specialist doctors that are distributed in the regions where the ! *#)!
first four hospital universities exist (Ministry of Health, 2009). So according to Table 6, the Professor/researcher position includes 718 in the region of Rabat only, 287 in the region of Casablanca, 115 in the region of Marrakech and 71 in the region of Fes. II.2.2 Modeling the Future Requirements for Medical Doctors in Morocco The fact that a shortage in the number of medical doctors exists is largely admitted and many countries tried projecting their needs in terms of physicians and finding solutions in order to achieve an increase in the number of doctors. The United States owns a good forecasting model and there is evidence from a Spanish paper that Spain too tries to improve this process in order to increase the number of doctors. This part will focus on describing the models in the literature and implementing a simplified model for the case of forecasting the number of medical doctors in Morocco by 2015. Considering the Millennium development goals, it is agreed that there is a deadline till 2015 to achieve the eight objectives. Under the sub-goals, there is a reference to the improvement of the country coverage in medical doctors for many countries. This is to say that there is a shortage in the number of physicians per 10000 people or any other measure. As a result, countries need to measure their shortage, correct it for the short run and find ways to prevent it in the future through simulations that project the number of needed physicians in a given future date. Scheffler et al. (2008) used 158 countries’ updated information, from the World Health Organization (WHO) databases, about the supply of medical doctors over a period of 20 years (1980-2001) to project the size of the future global need for/ supply of and demand for physicians up to year 2015, given that it is the target date for the MDG. They used an exogenous health benchmark in order to decide on the sufficiency of number of medical doctors required to achieve the MDG where demand variables are based on the country’s economic growth, that triggers an increase in worker salaries and thus increase their healthcare expenditures. Scheffler et al. (2008) used two approaches to modeling the requirements in medical doctors. The first one is a needs-based model that decides on the number of doctors per capita to cover up to 80% live births by skilled attendance. The second one is economic-based and it projects the number of physician per capita that will ! *$+!
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F E M I S E R E S E A R C H P R O G
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What Can Be Learnt from the New Eco
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AMGA: American Medical Group Associ
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USA: United State of America WB: Wo
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medical doctors are then free to en
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elate to quality research and educa
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This may concern also EU countries
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discussed both in theory and practi
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EU are then described and discussed
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specialties. This study shows that
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with this trade. Special arrangemen
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into the developed countries; where
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them as follow: Cross-border delive
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In this regard, the EU is suggestin
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Given the importance of health care
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Serbia. Low wages, poor working con
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• How does tertiary education wit
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Driouchi & Kadiri (2010) are promis
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annual living costs per student. Th
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Lithuania 4.12 4.15 4.01 4.03 3.97
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Egypt 67.57 68.86 70.17 71.52 72.89
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observed externally from developing
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Relative Wages : MIN MENA / By comp
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No future, Heavy workload, to save
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one-year qualification apprenticesh
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Other European Countries Austria 4
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one medical university and studies
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includes a three-year vocational tr
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has 18 medical universities and stu
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général du Gouvernement to gradua
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of Medical Science, Bachelor of Med
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Egypt Iran 29463 31445 32134 25990
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major policies and strategies relat
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The aim of this sub-part is to prov
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• What is the role of mobility of
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Commonwealth of Independent states
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Dodani and LaPorte (2005) suggest t
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In regards to the mobility of Europ
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The general conclusions of these th
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Specific factors Impact of HIV/AIDS
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Portugal X X Romania X X X Russian
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Germany Italy Spain Lithuania Slova
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Italy (2%) and Russia (4) in 2008 (
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theory assumes perfect transferabil
Page 89 and 90: The data available suggest potentia
Page 91 and 92: This chapter deals with the migrati
Page 93 and 94: networks and on the major channels
Page 95 and 96: assumed here that emigration decisi
Page 97 and 98: Increases (respectively decreases)
Page 99 and 100: Figure II.1.2: The shape of H as a
Page 101 and 102: The optimal emigration rate that ca
Page 103 and 104: Figure II.1.4: Effects of the Level
Page 105 and 106: empirical investigation focuses on
Page 107 and 108: Table II.1.3.1: Country annual tren
Page 109 and 110: Table II.1.3.2: Country annual tren
Page 111 and 112: ! ! C/D>)! 01::! 0103! 5881::7! E#%
Page 113 and 114: "#$%&'!()*)+!Eurostat Database Abou
Page 115 and 116: Using these parameter estimates, co
Page 117 and 118: different websites for different co
Page 119 and 120: the theoretical values of the relat
Page 121 and 122: p-value 0.33 0.03 t test 0.99 2.25
Page 123 and 124: The following set of graphs are the
Page 125 and 126: The countries with higher number of
Page 127 and 128: Turkey (m*=0.41, m**=0.77) Yemen (m
Page 129 and 130: periods but should be concerned abo
Page 131 and 132: health report “Comptes Nationaux
Page 133 and 134: In accordance with the health insur
Page 135 and 136: 95 adults >15 years old per 100000
Page 137 and 138: To achieve progress in the health s
Page 139: The external problems comprise (1)
Page 143 and 144: monitoring trends and economic fact
Page 145 and 146: Other support staff 6300 2.11 2004
Page 147 and 148: areas, the case of doctors who reti
Page 149 and 150: areas of Morocco. It is computed ye
Page 151 and 152: political instability, economic dep
Page 153 and 154: 1. Gender VS Intention to Migrate A
Page 155 and 156: salaries differs according to the w
Page 157 and 158: Results The results are given below
Page 159 and 160: These results suggest that the numb
Page 161 and 162: Finally, the questionnaire records
Page 163 and 164: The past decades have witnessed an
Page 165 and 166: changed the notion of space, where
Page 167 and 168: implications on health, Huynen et a
Page 169 and 170: Figure III.1.3: Social stratificati
Page 171 and 172: Lee et al., (2007) primarily focus
Page 173 and 174: However, Collins (203) does recogni
Page 175 and 176: America. In Africa, where there are
Page 177 and 178: physicians from Liberia practice in
Page 179 and 180: Figure III.1.7: Migrant care worker
Page 181 and 182: espectively. An interesting particu
Page 183 and 184: Table III.1.5: Supply of foreign (-
Page 185 and 186: Table III.1.6: Health care wages in
Page 187 and 188: Figure II.1.11: Factors affecting h
Page 189 and 190: Figure III.1.12: Factors contributi
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Table III.1.10: International Quali
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health as integral to wellbeing thr
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III.2.1 Need for A cooperative Fram
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graduate spends of certain number o
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III.2.2 Migration of Medical Doctor
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The convexity condition is simply a
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• A payoff vector (ai)i S is said
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III.2.2.2 Discussion and Public Pol
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Europe. Second, in the North Africa
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In the short run, the country of or
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great incentive for medical student
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system, and therefore to the rest o
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MENA countries could be moving to p
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of their medical school. The other
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Beine, M., Docquier, F. & Rapoport,
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German Medical Association.(2011).
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World Bank Database, 2007. World Ba
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http://gse.buffalo.edu/org/inthighe
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Berland, Y. (2002). Demographie des
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Gericke, C.A. (2006). Finance healt
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Salehi-Isfahani, D., Tunali, I., As
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Beine, M., Docquier, F. & Rapoport,
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Docquier, F., Lohest, O. & Marfouk,
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Labdelaoui, H. (2010). Les dimensio
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Stark, O. (1991), The Migration of
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WHO - World Health Organization (20
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Linacre, S. (2007). “Migration: p
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Challenging Inequities in Health: F
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Mullan, F. (2007). Doctors and Socc
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Vujicic M, Zurn P, Diallo K, Dal Po
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Collins, T. (2003). Globalization,
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Kana, M.A., (2009). From Brain Drai
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Sagoe, K. (2004). Using the Diaspor
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Sub-part II.1: Appendix I Appendice
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means that So if , then: > which is
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A, B,C>0 and , , Then Demo 5: Sign
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t test 3.21788138 1.86856175 3.1713
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Lithuania Years m Relative wage H/H
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Romania Years m Relative wage H/H0
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MENA Countries Risk Neutral Model C
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Tunisia Turkey 1993 0.1781 2.50 1.9
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Syria Tunisia Turkey Yemen Stand.de
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Morocco Syria Tunisia t-stat (theor
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Risk aversion model summary table C
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Table II-2-1.2: Projections of the
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Observations 5 Coefficients Erreur-
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Figure 4: Age distribution within r
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Figure 11: Migration conditions dis
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! "(&!
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! "((!
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! ")+!
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! ")"!
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! ")$!
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! ")&!
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