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is only available from 1991 to 2004 and it represents efforts of the Trade Team Development Research Group to measure the extent of brain drain in the international migration and development program. The main countries of destination for physicians coming from the MENA and other regions are the United Kingdom, USA, France, Canada, Germany, Belgium, Australia, Italy, Sweden, Switzerland and Austria. In relation to relative wages, data are retrieved from the most recent International Labor Organization (ILO) Geneva (LABORSTA Labor Statistics Database) and completed with other sources as indicated in the reference list for France, Morocco and Tunisia. Since minimum and maximum salaries of French general physicians were not found in the ILO database, they were extracted from the Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques (INSEE, 2002), the British Medical Journal (1997) and the French ministry of health statistics (2008). Tunisian and Moroccan physician wages were also retrieved from other sources as provided in the reference list. The data covers wages from 1995 to 2008 where only data for General physicians on a monthly basis were considered. The wages are then transformed to a common currency based on the exchange rate information provided by oanda.com currency converter. When different data points are available over several years, minimal and maximal figures are taken and relative wages are provided based on the wage of the country of origin divided by that of the destination country. Minimum and Maximum wages are then listed after converting all wages to Euro using update exchange rate information. In order to describe the medical education systems of different sending and receiving countries from the groups studied in this chapter, data about each country’s medical education system is needed. In this chapter, several sources were used including the European Medical Association, ranking websites of different medical schools, cost of living per country, tuition fees per school, number of schools and number of years of medical education. When many medical schools exist in a given country, a minimum and maximum tuition fees values are taken from the group of medical schools found in that country. The cost of living is based on the basic needs of students and it includes accommodation, food, utilities, gas, clothing and leisure. The figures are generally obtained in a monthly basis and are multiplied by ten to give an approximation of the ! #%!
annual living costs per student. The Total fees listed in tables include annual tuition fees and annual cost of living per country. The stock of health education graduates is used to assess the need and the flow of graduates between the four groups considered. The data was retrieved from the World Data Bank and it includes series of data from 1995 to 2009 per country. I.2.2 Migration Flows of Medical Doctors & Availability at the Country Level It is interesting to identify the rate of emigration to the MENA countries and all the other European countries that are not considered in Bhagrava, Docquier and Marfouk (2010) database. From this latter, the physician emigration rate (%) is identified from the stock of physicians abroad as percent of physicians trained in their country for the period 1998- 2004. The total emigration rate including all destinations considered varies between 0.04% for Belarus in 1998 and 2000 and 28% for Iceland in 1998 (Table I.2.2.1). Table I.2.2.1: Emigration rate of medical doctors (%) Country 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Eastern European Countries Belarus 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.07 0.08 Bulgaria 2.02 2.14 2.31 2.43 2.61 2.95 3.11 Czech Republic 3.44 3.35 3.09 3.16 2.88 3.06 3.58 Estonia 3.00 2.83 2.71 2.71 2.71 2.74 3.00 Hungary 5.43 5.29 5.59 5.79 5.65 5.88 6.37 Latvia 1.30 1.29 1.32 1.49 1.57 1.64 1.90 Lithuania 0.79 0.91 0.97 1.02 1.17 1.34 1.61 Poland 4.18 4.28 4.47 4.59 4.56 4.87 5.46 Romania 4.95 5.00 5.14 5.42 5.76 6.16 6.47 Russia 0.26 0.29 0.30 0.33 0.35 0.38 0.39 Slovakia 5.14 4.01 4.03 4.06 3.26 3.66 3.87 Slovenia 1.76 1.82 1.82 1.83 1.88 2.10 2.12 Ukraine 0.91 0.97 1.06 1.12 1.21 1.35 1.46 Other European Countries Austria 4.71 5.00 5.05 5.11 5.54 6.03 6.07 Belgium 4.55 4.91 4.64 4.73 5.26 5.55 5.75 Denmark 5.26 5.04 4.86 4.73 4.33 4.17 4.22 Finland 5.36 5.43 5.59 5.59 5.71 5.83 5.81 France 2.09 2.11 2.11 2.14 2.19 2.21 2.25 Germany 3.09 3.14 3.15 2.88 3.20 3.27 3.44 Greece 5.72 5.54 5.65 5.66 5.85 6.23 6.50 Iceland 28.00 27.05 26.25 25.54 24.83 24.85 25.28 Ireland 25.41 24.53 24.56 22.73 22.44 22.45 22.37 Italy 2.37 1.67 1.66 1.66 2.30 2.37 2.40 Luxembourg 21.77 20.48 20.72 20.62 20.64 21.30 21.44 Netherlands 6.66 6.27 6.06 5.87 6.28 6.35 6.42 ! #&!
Page 1 and 2: F E M I S E R E S E A R C H P R O G
Page 3 and 4: What Can Be Learnt from the New Eco
Page 5 and 6: AMGA: American Medical Group Associ
Page 7 and 8: USA: United State of America WB: Wo
Page 9 and 10: medical doctors are then free to en
Page 11 and 12: elate to quality research and educa
Page 13 and 14: This may concern also EU countries
Page 15 and 16: discussed both in theory and practi
Page 17 and 18: EU are then described and discussed
Page 19 and 20: specialties. This study shows that
Page 21 and 22: with this trade. Special arrangemen
Page 23 and 24: into the developed countries; where
Page 25 and 26: them as follow: Cross-border delive
Page 27 and 28: In this regard, the EU is suggestin
Page 29 and 30: Given the importance of health care
Page 31 and 32: Serbia. Low wages, poor working con
Page 33 and 34: • How does tertiary education wit
Page 35: Driouchi & Kadiri (2010) are promis
Page 39 and 40: Lithuania 4.12 4.15 4.01 4.03 3.97
Page 41 and 42: Egypt 67.57 68.86 70.17 71.52 72.89
Page 43 and 44: observed externally from developing
Page 45 and 46: Relative Wages : MIN MENA / By comp
Page 47 and 48: No future, Heavy workload, to save
Page 49 and 50: one-year qualification apprenticesh
Page 51 and 52: Other European Countries Austria 4
Page 53 and 54: one medical university and studies
Page 55 and 56: includes a three-year vocational tr
Page 57 and 58: has 18 medical universities and stu
Page 59 and 60: général du Gouvernement to gradua
Page 61 and 62: of Medical Science, Bachelor of Med
Page 63 and 64: Egypt Iran 29463 31445 32134 25990
Page 65 and 66: major policies and strategies relat
Page 67 and 68: The aim of this sub-part is to prov
Page 69 and 70: • What is the role of mobility of
Page 71 and 72: Commonwealth of Independent states
Page 73 and 74: Dodani and LaPorte (2005) suggest t
Page 75 and 76: In regards to the mobility of Europ
Page 77 and 78: The general conclusions of these th
Page 79 and 80: Specific factors Impact of HIV/AIDS
Page 81 and 82: Portugal X X Romania X X X Russian
Page 83 and 84: Germany Italy Spain Lithuania Slova
Page 85 and 86: Italy (2%) and Russia (4) in 2008 (
Page 87 and 88:
theory assumes perfect transferabil
Page 89 and 90:
The data available suggest potentia
Page 91 and 92:
This chapter deals with the migrati
Page 93 and 94:
networks and on the major channels
Page 95 and 96:
assumed here that emigration decisi
Page 97 and 98:
Increases (respectively decreases)
Page 99 and 100:
Figure II.1.2: The shape of H as a
Page 101 and 102:
The optimal emigration rate that ca
Page 103 and 104:
Figure II.1.4: Effects of the Level
Page 105 and 106:
empirical investigation focuses on
Page 107 and 108:
Table II.1.3.1: Country annual tren
Page 109 and 110:
Table II.1.3.2: Country annual tren
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! ! C/D>)! 01::! 0103! 5881::7! E#%
Page 113 and 114:
"#$%&'!()*)+!Eurostat Database Abou
Page 115 and 116:
Using these parameter estimates, co
Page 117 and 118:
different websites for different co
Page 119 and 120:
the theoretical values of the relat
Page 121 and 122:
p-value 0.33 0.03 t test 0.99 2.25
Page 123 and 124:
The following set of graphs are the
Page 125 and 126:
The countries with higher number of
Page 127 and 128:
Turkey (m*=0.41, m**=0.77) Yemen (m
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periods but should be concerned abo
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health report “Comptes Nationaux
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In accordance with the health insur
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95 adults >15 years old per 100000
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To achieve progress in the health s
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The external problems comprise (1)
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first four hospital universities ex
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monitoring trends and economic fact
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Other support staff 6300 2.11 2004
Page 147 and 148:
areas, the case of doctors who reti
Page 149 and 150:
areas of Morocco. It is computed ye
Page 151 and 152:
political instability, economic dep
Page 153 and 154:
1. Gender VS Intention to Migrate A
Page 155 and 156:
salaries differs according to the w
Page 157 and 158:
Results The results are given below
Page 159 and 160:
These results suggest that the numb
Page 161 and 162:
Finally, the questionnaire records
Page 163 and 164:
The past decades have witnessed an
Page 165 and 166:
changed the notion of space, where
Page 167 and 168:
implications on health, Huynen et a
Page 169 and 170:
Figure III.1.3: Social stratificati
Page 171 and 172:
Lee et al., (2007) primarily focus
Page 173 and 174:
However, Collins (203) does recogni
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America. In Africa, where there are
Page 177 and 178:
physicians from Liberia practice in
Page 179 and 180:
Figure III.1.7: Migrant care worker
Page 181 and 182:
espectively. An interesting particu
Page 183 and 184:
Table III.1.5: Supply of foreign (-
Page 185 and 186:
Table III.1.6: Health care wages in
Page 187 and 188:
Figure II.1.11: Factors affecting h
Page 189 and 190:
Figure III.1.12: Factors contributi
Page 191 and 192:
Table III.1.10: International Quali
Page 193 and 194:
health as integral to wellbeing thr
Page 195 and 196:
III.2.1 Need for A cooperative Fram
Page 197 and 198:
graduate spends of certain number o
Page 199 and 200:
III.2.2 Migration of Medical Doctor
Page 201 and 202:
The convexity condition is simply a
Page 203 and 204:
• A payoff vector (ai)i S is said
Page 205 and 206:
III.2.2.2 Discussion and Public Pol
Page 207 and 208:
Europe. Second, in the North Africa
Page 209 and 210:
In the short run, the country of or
Page 211 and 212:
great incentive for medical student
Page 213 and 214:
system, and therefore to the rest o
Page 215 and 216:
MENA countries could be moving to p
Page 217 and 218:
of their medical school. The other
Page 219 and 220:
Beine, M., Docquier, F. & Rapoport,
Page 221 and 222:
German Medical Association.(2011).
Page 223 and 224:
World Bank Database, 2007. World Ba
Page 225 and 226:
http://gse.buffalo.edu/org/inthighe
Page 227 and 228:
Berland, Y. (2002). Demographie des
Page 229 and 230:
Gericke, C.A. (2006). Finance healt
Page 231 and 232:
Salehi-Isfahani, D., Tunali, I., As
Page 233 and 234:
Beine, M., Docquier, F. & Rapoport,
Page 235 and 236:
Docquier, F., Lohest, O. & Marfouk,
Page 237 and 238:
Labdelaoui, H. (2010). Les dimensio
Page 239 and 240:
Stark, O. (1991), The Migration of
Page 241 and 242:
WHO - World Health Organization (20
Page 243 and 244:
Linacre, S. (2007). “Migration: p
Page 245 and 246:
Challenging Inequities in Health: F
Page 247 and 248:
Mullan, F. (2007). Doctors and Socc
Page 249 and 250:
Vujicic M, Zurn P, Diallo K, Dal Po
Page 251 and 252:
Collins, T. (2003). Globalization,
Page 253 and 254:
Kana, M.A., (2009). From Brain Drai
Page 255 and 256:
Sagoe, K. (2004). Using the Diaspor
Page 257 and 258:
Sub-part II.1: Appendix I Appendice
Page 259 and 260:
means that So if , then: > which is
Page 261 and 262:
A, B,C>0 and , , Then Demo 5: Sign
Page 263 and 264:
t test 3.21788138 1.86856175 3.1713
Page 265 and 266:
Lithuania Years m Relative wage H/H
Page 267 and 268:
Romania Years m Relative wage H/H0
Page 269 and 270:
MENA Countries Risk Neutral Model C
Page 271 and 272:
Tunisia Turkey 1993 0.1781 2.50 1.9
Page 273 and 274:
Syria Tunisia Turkey Yemen Stand.de
Page 275 and 276:
Morocco Syria Tunisia t-stat (theor
Page 277 and 278:
Risk aversion model summary table C
Page 279 and 280:
Table II-2-1.2: Projections of the
Page 281 and 282:
Observations 5 Coefficients Erreur-
Page 283 and 284:
Figure 4: Age distribution within r
Page 285 and 286:
Figure 11: Migration conditions dis
Page 287 and 288:
! "(&!
Page 289 and 290:
! "((!
Page 291 and 292:
! ")+!
Page 293 and 294:
! ")"!
Page 295 and 296:
! ")$!
Page 297:
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