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of Morocco. In this process, research and education in the medical area can be the core for the acceleration of bilateral and multilateral exchanges in health services. The reasons leading Moroccan medical professionals to migrate are also investigated through a survey. The results suggest that age and difficulties in treating patients are the most important reasons for this particular group of doctors to relocate overseas. This reveals also that salaries, gender, and workplace (private or public hospitals), current situation of hospitals, and migration conditions do not significantly affect respondents’ intention to migrate. In order to prevent the loss of medical expertise from a society already in need of quality healthcare, government and society acts are highly recommended. Such countries may be seen as loosing large investments in the training and education of young physicians as a result of migration. On the other side, the new idea of win-win model suggests that both sending and receiving countries can share and work jointly for the improvement of medical education and research in order to strengthen attraction of medical doctors to both North and South. This suggests that the new economics of migration of medical doctors is really a promising theoretical, empirical and a practical framework. It does provide strong grounds for the strengthening of North-South collaboration in the area of health care and medical doctors through education and research. Part III: A Win-Win Collaborative Framework & North-South Cooperation This last part of this research report is conducted in two interdependent steps. The first one focuses on the global health system that has been conducted worldwide and that is likely to have facilitating functions for further worldwide and regional cooperation. The second shows mainly the likelihood of the gains to occur in both South and North of the Mediterranean area through further collaboration in medical education and research. III.1 Migration of Medical Doctors and the Global Health System ! *&*!
The past decades have witnessed an increase in the pace and a consolidation of migration of medical doctors and the globalization of the health system. If properly managed, globalization of the health workforce could lead to perceptible gains in health status for all parties involved. Where markets are non-exclusionary, regulatory institutions strong and safety nets in place, globalization could enhance the performance of countries with a good human and physical infrastructure. This sub-part reviews the importance of migration and aims at presenting a different view on migration of medical doctors. While the traditional view has been dominated by the rhetoric on “brain-drain,” a new and more promising trend of research has centered on the relatively new concept of “brain-circulation” and new economics of skilled labor migration. Mobility for medical workers, and health workers, in general, can be a significant contributor to the formation of scientific and technical human capital, which has been an important driver in economic expansion and social development in many regions of the world. To illustrate this, an overview of the major dimensions related to the global health systems are described and discussed. The findings show that the trends taking place globally are promising for an enhanced cooperative framework where both developing and developed countries benefit from the new outcomes of the new economics of skilled labor migration. Circular migration can be seen as a means to account for the emerging knowledge economy where medical education and research can be major drivers. The global health system provides avenues for achieving mutually higher outcomes. While this chapter focuses on the global health system, the following one discusses the cooperative framework. This sub-part investigates questions that are relevant to the public policy debate on the implications of migration of the sending country. The first issue that is tackled is to try and detangle the complex and diverse web of linkages between globalization and population health as well as the challenges faced by public policy makers and health practitioners. Second, the implications of the migration of medical doctors, and skilled health workers, in general, on the country of origin are investigated. A wide set of literature and of numerical examples from different parts of the world are reviewed. Third, the motives for medical migration necessary for the formulation of an adequate public policy are investigated. The migration of highly qualified personnel is a phenomenon that has accelerated tendency during the past decades and has generated a wide spread debate. One strand of ! *&"!
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F E M I S E R E S E A R C H P R O G
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What Can Be Learnt from the New Eco
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AMGA: American Medical Group Associ
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USA: United State of America WB: Wo
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medical doctors are then free to en
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elate to quality research and educa
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This may concern also EU countries
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discussed both in theory and practi
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EU are then described and discussed
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specialties. This study shows that
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with this trade. Special arrangemen
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into the developed countries; where
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them as follow: Cross-border delive
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In this regard, the EU is suggestin
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Given the importance of health care
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Serbia. Low wages, poor working con
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• How does tertiary education wit
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Driouchi & Kadiri (2010) are promis
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annual living costs per student. Th
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Lithuania 4.12 4.15 4.01 4.03 3.97
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Egypt 67.57 68.86 70.17 71.52 72.89
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observed externally from developing
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Relative Wages : MIN MENA / By comp
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No future, Heavy workload, to save
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one-year qualification apprenticesh
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Other European Countries Austria 4
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one medical university and studies
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includes a three-year vocational tr
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has 18 medical universities and stu
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général du Gouvernement to gradua
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of Medical Science, Bachelor of Med
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Egypt Iran 29463 31445 32134 25990
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major policies and strategies relat
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The aim of this sub-part is to prov
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• What is the role of mobility of
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Commonwealth of Independent states
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Dodani and LaPorte (2005) suggest t
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In regards to the mobility of Europ
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The general conclusions of these th
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Specific factors Impact of HIV/AIDS
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Portugal X X Romania X X X Russian
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Germany Italy Spain Lithuania Slova
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Italy (2%) and Russia (4) in 2008 (
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theory assumes perfect transferabil
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The data available suggest potentia
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This chapter deals with the migrati
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networks and on the major channels
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assumed here that emigration decisi
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Increases (respectively decreases)
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Figure II.1.2: The shape of H as a
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The optimal emigration rate that ca
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Figure II.1.4: Effects of the Level
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empirical investigation focuses on
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Table II.1.3.1: Country annual tren
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Table II.1.3.2: Country annual tren
Page 111 and 112: ! ! C/D>)! 01::! 0103! 5881::7! E#%
Page 113 and 114: "#$%&'!()*)+!Eurostat Database Abou
Page 115 and 116: Using these parameter estimates, co
Page 117 and 118: different websites for different co
Page 119 and 120: the theoretical values of the relat
Page 121 and 122: p-value 0.33 0.03 t test 0.99 2.25
Page 123 and 124: The following set of graphs are the
Page 125 and 126: The countries with higher number of
Page 127 and 128: Turkey (m*=0.41, m**=0.77) Yemen (m
Page 129 and 130: periods but should be concerned abo
Page 131 and 132: health report “Comptes Nationaux
Page 133 and 134: In accordance with the health insur
Page 135 and 136: 95 adults >15 years old per 100000
Page 137 and 138: To achieve progress in the health s
Page 139 and 140: The external problems comprise (1)
Page 141 and 142: first four hospital universities ex
Page 143 and 144: monitoring trends and economic fact
Page 145 and 146: Other support staff 6300 2.11 2004
Page 147 and 148: areas, the case of doctors who reti
Page 149 and 150: areas of Morocco. It is computed ye
Page 151 and 152: political instability, economic dep
Page 153 and 154: 1. Gender VS Intention to Migrate A
Page 155 and 156: salaries differs according to the w
Page 157 and 158: Results The results are given below
Page 159 and 160: These results suggest that the numb
Page 161: Finally, the questionnaire records
Page 165 and 166: changed the notion of space, where
Page 167 and 168: implications on health, Huynen et a
Page 169 and 170: Figure III.1.3: Social stratificati
Page 171 and 172: Lee et al., (2007) primarily focus
Page 173 and 174: However, Collins (203) does recogni
Page 175 and 176: America. In Africa, where there are
Page 177 and 178: physicians from Liberia practice in
Page 179 and 180: Figure III.1.7: Migrant care worker
Page 181 and 182: espectively. An interesting particu
Page 183 and 184: Table III.1.5: Supply of foreign (-
Page 185 and 186: Table III.1.6: Health care wages in
Page 187 and 188: Figure II.1.11: Factors affecting h
Page 189 and 190: Figure III.1.12: Factors contributi
Page 191 and 192: Table III.1.10: International Quali
Page 193 and 194: health as integral to wellbeing thr
Page 195 and 196: III.2.1 Need for A cooperative Fram
Page 197 and 198: graduate spends of certain number o
Page 199 and 200: III.2.2 Migration of Medical Doctor
Page 201 and 202: The convexity condition is simply a
Page 203 and 204: • A payoff vector (ai)i S is said
Page 205 and 206: III.2.2.2 Discussion and Public Pol
Page 207 and 208: Europe. Second, in the North Africa
Page 209 and 210: In the short run, the country of or
Page 211 and 212: great incentive for medical student
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system, and therefore to the rest o
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MENA countries could be moving to p
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of their medical school. The other
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Beine, M., Docquier, F. & Rapoport,
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German Medical Association.(2011).
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World Bank Database, 2007. World Ba
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http://gse.buffalo.edu/org/inthighe
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Berland, Y. (2002). Demographie des
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Gericke, C.A. (2006). Finance healt
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Salehi-Isfahani, D., Tunali, I., As
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Beine, M., Docquier, F. & Rapoport,
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Docquier, F., Lohest, O. & Marfouk,
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Labdelaoui, H. (2010). Les dimensio
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Stark, O. (1991), The Migration of
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WHO - World Health Organization (20
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Linacre, S. (2007). “Migration: p
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Challenging Inequities in Health: F
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Mullan, F. (2007). Doctors and Socc
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Vujicic M, Zurn P, Diallo K, Dal Po
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Collins, T. (2003). Globalization,
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Kana, M.A., (2009). From Brain Drai
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Sagoe, K. (2004). Using the Diaspor
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Sub-part II.1: Appendix I Appendice
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means that So if , then: > which is
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A, B,C>0 and , , Then Demo 5: Sign
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t test 3.21788138 1.86856175 3.1713
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Lithuania Years m Relative wage H/H
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Romania Years m Relative wage H/H0
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MENA Countries Risk Neutral Model C
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Tunisia Turkey 1993 0.1781 2.50 1.9
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Syria Tunisia Turkey Yemen Stand.de
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Morocco Syria Tunisia t-stat (theor
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Risk aversion model summary table C
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Table II-2-1.2: Projections of the
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Observations 5 Coefficients Erreur-
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Figure 4: Age distribution within r
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Figure 11: Migration conditions dis
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! "(&!
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! "((!
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! ")+!
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! ")"!
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! ")$!
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