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with patients early in their studies. Depending of the specialization, students have the choice between five and six-year specialist training. Training is regulated by the National Board of Medico-legal Affairs (NBMA) and the five medical faculties. To be a general practitioner, doctors must complete two years of training in basic healthcare and hospital practice, with a minimum of six months in each 18 . France has more than 30 medical universities and basic medical education lasts for 6 years followed by general practitioner training or specialization (6 + 2.5 years or 6 + 4 or 5 years). Admission to medical schools is controlled by competitive exams. Medical education is based on three steps: (1) the first two years, (2) four years and (3) then two years and a half to train for general practitioner or four to five years to train as a specialist 19 . Germany has 37 medical universities and studies last for a minimum of six years. Admission is based on the final GPA score of the applicant on the secondary school diploma. The first two years of medical studies involve pre-clinical courses completed by a federal medical exam that students should pass. This is followed by the three-year clinical stage and then the last year of medical school that is also called the ‘practical year’ 20 . This is followed by four months of clerkships (two in a hospital, one at a doctor’s office and one elective). Then, a final federal exam takes place before graduates receive their degrees of physician with a license allowing them to practice medicine or of Doctor of Medicine when, in addition, the graduate successfully completed a scientific dissertation 21 . The German government subsidizes medical education, leaving a minimal tuition amount for students to pay 22 . Greece has seven medical universities and medical training lasts for six years that can be followed by postgraduate training for 5 to seven years. There is a final examination at the completion of the training that precedes the award of the specialist status. Greece has a high ration of physicians per 1000 people but the majority of doctors are located in Salonika and Greater Athens. Thus, the medical programs require periods in rural practice as a way to address the problem of physicians’ distribution 23 . Iceland has only 18 http://www.bma.org.uk/international/working_abroad/EEA.jsp?page=10 19 http://www.bma.org.uk/international/working_abroad/EEA.jsp?page=11 20 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_school#Germany 21 http://www.bma.org.uk/international/working_abroad/EEA.jsp?page=12 22 http://www.amsa.org/AMSA/Homepage/Publications/TheNewPhysician/2009/1209IntlTraining.aspx 23 http://www.bma.org.uk/international/working_abroad/EEA.jsp?page=13 ! %*!
one medical university and studies last for six years. Admission to medical school is based on passing an organized test, controlled by the University of Iceland 24 . Before being registered as practitioner at the ministry of health, students should undertake 12 months of pre-registration training. Then, the doctor is allowed to start specialist training that can last for four and a half years 25 . Ireland has six medical schools and provides medical studies in the form of a four-, five- or six-year program depending on the satisfaction of prerequisites. Admission is based on secondary school qualifications for the six-year program while the four-year program accepts candidates with previous university degrees. Medical courses include pre-clinical and clinical courses 26 . The Irish Medical Council regulated medical education. Thus, after receiving a BMBS (bachelor of medicine and bachelor of surgery) and before registration is pronounced, the graduate is required to undertake a training year as an intern under supervision 27 . In order to obtain membership of the appropriate royal college, doctors have to take an examination. Italy has 29 medical universities and studies last for six years. Since there are few restrictions to entry to Italian universities, Italian medical schools produce more physicians than the health system can employ 28 . The quality of education has been criticized for being too theoretical and classed for being too crowded. Besides, post-graduate training is highly competitive and medical doctors’ unemployment is high. Admission to medical school test is supervised and administered by the ministry of education, universities and research (MIUR). The first three years of the program are based on ‘biological’ subjects while the following three years are devoted to ‘clinical’ subjects 29 . Over the six-year program, most medical schools require taking 36 exams in addition to compulsory rotations and elective activities. Students should also defend their thesis by the end of the program before a board of professors. This thesis is usually prepared during the same year the student starts the internship program by the fifth or sixth year. 24 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_school#Iceland 25 http://www.bma.org.uk/international/working_abroad/EEA.jsp?page=15 26 http://www.bma.org.uk/international/working_abroad/EEA.jsp?page=16 27 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_school#Ireland 28 http://www.bma.org.uk/international/working_abroad/EEA.jsp?page=17 29 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_school#Italy ! %"!
Page 1 and 2: F E M I S E R E S E A R C H P R O G
Page 3 and 4: What Can Be Learnt from the New Eco
Page 5 and 6: AMGA: American Medical Group Associ
Page 7 and 8: USA: United State of America WB: Wo
Page 9 and 10: medical doctors are then free to en
Page 11 and 12: elate to quality research and educa
Page 13 and 14: This may concern also EU countries
Page 15 and 16: discussed both in theory and practi
Page 17 and 18: EU are then described and discussed
Page 19 and 20: specialties. This study shows that
Page 21 and 22: with this trade. Special arrangemen
Page 23 and 24: into the developed countries; where
Page 25 and 26: them as follow: Cross-border delive
Page 27 and 28: In this regard, the EU is suggestin
Page 29 and 30: Given the importance of health care
Page 31 and 32: Serbia. Low wages, poor working con
Page 33 and 34: • How does tertiary education wit
Page 35 and 36: Driouchi & Kadiri (2010) are promis
Page 37 and 38: annual living costs per student. Th
Page 39 and 40: Lithuania 4.12 4.15 4.01 4.03 3.97
Page 41 and 42: Egypt 67.57 68.86 70.17 71.52 72.89
Page 43 and 44: observed externally from developing
Page 45 and 46: Relative Wages : MIN MENA / By comp
Page 47 and 48: No future, Heavy workload, to save
Page 49 and 50: one-year qualification apprenticesh
Page 51: Other European Countries Austria 4
Page 55 and 56: includes a three-year vocational tr
Page 57 and 58: has 18 medical universities and stu
Page 59 and 60: général du Gouvernement to gradua
Page 61 and 62: of Medical Science, Bachelor of Med
Page 63 and 64: Egypt Iran 29463 31445 32134 25990
Page 65 and 66: major policies and strategies relat
Page 67 and 68: The aim of this sub-part is to prov
Page 69 and 70: • What is the role of mobility of
Page 71 and 72: Commonwealth of Independent states
Page 73 and 74: Dodani and LaPorte (2005) suggest t
Page 75 and 76: In regards to the mobility of Europ
Page 77 and 78: The general conclusions of these th
Page 79 and 80: Specific factors Impact of HIV/AIDS
Page 81 and 82: Portugal X X Romania X X X Russian
Page 83 and 84: Germany Italy Spain Lithuania Slova
Page 85 and 86: Italy (2%) and Russia (4) in 2008 (
Page 87 and 88: theory assumes perfect transferabil
Page 89 and 90: The data available suggest potentia
Page 91 and 92: This chapter deals with the migrati
Page 93 and 94: networks and on the major channels
Page 95 and 96: assumed here that emigration decisi
Page 97 and 98: Increases (respectively decreases)
Page 99 and 100: Figure II.1.2: The shape of H as a
Page 101 and 102: The optimal emigration rate that ca
Page 103 and 104:
Figure II.1.4: Effects of the Level
Page 105 and 106:
empirical investigation focuses on
Page 107 and 108:
Table II.1.3.1: Country annual tren
Page 109 and 110:
Table II.1.3.2: Country annual tren
Page 111 and 112:
! ! C/D>)! 01::! 0103! 5881::7! E#%
Page 113 and 114:
"#$%&'!()*)+!Eurostat Database Abou
Page 115 and 116:
Using these parameter estimates, co
Page 117 and 118:
different websites for different co
Page 119 and 120:
the theoretical values of the relat
Page 121 and 122:
p-value 0.33 0.03 t test 0.99 2.25
Page 123 and 124:
The following set of graphs are the
Page 125 and 126:
The countries with higher number of
Page 127 and 128:
Turkey (m*=0.41, m**=0.77) Yemen (m
Page 129 and 130:
periods but should be concerned abo
Page 131 and 132:
health report “Comptes Nationaux
Page 133 and 134:
In accordance with the health insur
Page 135 and 136:
95 adults >15 years old per 100000
Page 137 and 138:
To achieve progress in the health s
Page 139 and 140:
The external problems comprise (1)
Page 141 and 142:
first four hospital universities ex
Page 143 and 144:
monitoring trends and economic fact
Page 145 and 146:
Other support staff 6300 2.11 2004
Page 147 and 148:
areas, the case of doctors who reti
Page 149 and 150:
areas of Morocco. It is computed ye
Page 151 and 152:
political instability, economic dep
Page 153 and 154:
1. Gender VS Intention to Migrate A
Page 155 and 156:
salaries differs according to the w
Page 157 and 158:
Results The results are given below
Page 159 and 160:
These results suggest that the numb
Page 161 and 162:
Finally, the questionnaire records
Page 163 and 164:
The past decades have witnessed an
Page 165 and 166:
changed the notion of space, where
Page 167 and 168:
implications on health, Huynen et a
Page 169 and 170:
Figure III.1.3: Social stratificati
Page 171 and 172:
Lee et al., (2007) primarily focus
Page 173 and 174:
However, Collins (203) does recogni
Page 175 and 176:
America. In Africa, where there are
Page 177 and 178:
physicians from Liberia practice in
Page 179 and 180:
Figure III.1.7: Migrant care worker
Page 181 and 182:
espectively. An interesting particu
Page 183 and 184:
Table III.1.5: Supply of foreign (-
Page 185 and 186:
Table III.1.6: Health care wages in
Page 187 and 188:
Figure II.1.11: Factors affecting h
Page 189 and 190:
Figure III.1.12: Factors contributi
Page 191 and 192:
Table III.1.10: International Quali
Page 193 and 194:
health as integral to wellbeing thr
Page 195 and 196:
III.2.1 Need for A cooperative Fram
Page 197 and 198:
graduate spends of certain number o
Page 199 and 200:
III.2.2 Migration of Medical Doctor
Page 201 and 202:
The convexity condition is simply a
Page 203 and 204:
• A payoff vector (ai)i S is said
Page 205 and 206:
III.2.2.2 Discussion and Public Pol
Page 207 and 208:
Europe. Second, in the North Africa
Page 209 and 210:
In the short run, the country of or
Page 211 and 212:
great incentive for medical student
Page 213 and 214:
system, and therefore to the rest o
Page 215 and 216:
MENA countries could be moving to p
Page 217 and 218:
of their medical school. The other
Page 219 and 220:
Beine, M., Docquier, F. & Rapoport,
Page 221 and 222:
German Medical Association.(2011).
Page 223 and 224:
World Bank Database, 2007. World Ba
Page 225 and 226:
http://gse.buffalo.edu/org/inthighe
Page 227 and 228:
Berland, Y. (2002). Demographie des
Page 229 and 230:
Gericke, C.A. (2006). Finance healt
Page 231 and 232:
Salehi-Isfahani, D., Tunali, I., As
Page 233 and 234:
Beine, M., Docquier, F. & Rapoport,
Page 235 and 236:
Docquier, F., Lohest, O. & Marfouk,
Page 237 and 238:
Labdelaoui, H. (2010). Les dimensio
Page 239 and 240:
Stark, O. (1991), The Migration of
Page 241 and 242:
WHO - World Health Organization (20
Page 243 and 244:
Linacre, S. (2007). “Migration: p
Page 245 and 246:
Challenging Inequities in Health: F
Page 247 and 248:
Mullan, F. (2007). Doctors and Socc
Page 249 and 250:
Vujicic M, Zurn P, Diallo K, Dal Po
Page 251 and 252:
Collins, T. (2003). Globalization,
Page 253 and 254:
Kana, M.A., (2009). From Brain Drai
Page 255 and 256:
Sagoe, K. (2004). Using the Diaspor
Page 257 and 258:
Sub-part II.1: Appendix I Appendice
Page 259 and 260:
means that So if , then: > which is
Page 261 and 262:
A, B,C>0 and , , Then Demo 5: Sign
Page 263 and 264:
t test 3.21788138 1.86856175 3.1713
Page 265 and 266:
Lithuania Years m Relative wage H/H
Page 267 and 268:
Romania Years m Relative wage H/H0
Page 269 and 270:
MENA Countries Risk Neutral Model C
Page 271 and 272:
Tunisia Turkey 1993 0.1781 2.50 1.9
Page 273 and 274:
Syria Tunisia Turkey Yemen Stand.de
Page 275 and 276:
Morocco Syria Tunisia t-stat (theor
Page 277 and 278:
Risk aversion model summary table C
Page 279 and 280:
Table II-2-1.2: Projections of the
Page 281 and 282:
Observations 5 Coefficients Erreur-
Page 283 and 284:
Figure 4: Age distribution within r
Page 285 and 286:
Figure 11: Migration conditions dis
Page 287 and 288:
! "(&!
Page 289 and 290:
! "((!
Page 291 and 292:
! ")+!
Page 293 and 294:
! ")"!
Page 295 and 296:
! ")$!
Page 297:
! ")&!
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