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physicians to economies where higher benefits and better working conditions are expected. Developing countries appear to be mainly sources of this migration but developed economies have been also concerned. The overall picture that has been developed by different partners is that brain-drain in the consequence of the on-going trend of migration. This has had implications on both international and national debates and policies. Series of contributions in different social sciences have been developed around this approach. But, the new economics of skilled labor migration has introduced more moderate view on the intensity of the brain-drain. This latter is conditional also on the gains that sources of migration can get through the effects on education. When looking at this process from the stand-point of health, medical education and research not only in the source but also in the destination, the question becomes promising to be a center of research. This concerns the likely economic and social policies that could be promoted when accounting for the new economics of skilled labor migration. The development of the global health system can help promote new win-win policies. These elements are submitted to the analysis with the focus of the EU-ECE and MENA contexts. I.2 New Economics of Emigration of Medical Doctors to Europe: Characterization of Patterns, Determinants and Trends in MENA & ECE economies To understand and assess the emigration of medical doctors from countries of the MENA and ECE to the EU, USA, Canada or Australia, it is necessary to initiate empirical investigations. The use of pre-established databases and various emigration-related variables and likely determinants is an important step towards this assessment. It is also established from previous studies such as in Driouchi et al. (2009) and Driouchi & Kadiri (2010) that new economics of emigration of skilled labor and of medical doctors can have promising effects not only for destination but also for source countries. Brain gains through the education systems are among the spillovers that can be shown in series of source countries. The cases of likely gains from MENA countries as established in ! ##!
Driouchi & Kadiri (2010) are promising applications that show the limits of the previous brain drain theories and applications. This sub-part aims at characterizing the emigration of medical doctors in the MENA and ECE countries. It attempts to identify and describe most of the variables and parameters that are considered and discussed in the following research developments. It starts with the methodological approach before tackling the description of the situation of medical doctors and their mobility to EU. I.2.1: Methodological Approach For the purpose of describing the main features related to the emigration of medical doctors from MENA and ECE countries to EU, four groups of countries are considered. There are (1) MENA countries excluding countries that are composed of a majority of emigrants (Algeria, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey and Yemen), (2) ECE (Belarus, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia and Ukraine), (3) other MENA countries (Bahrain, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Oman and United Arab Emirates) and (4) Other European Countries/ OECD (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom). Among the determinants considered in the following chapters and in the analytical studies introduced above, the pertinent variables include relative wages of medical doctors, labor markets, demographic trends, number of graduates, urban versus rural life, cost of medical education and other health degrees, characteristics of selection of medical students, number of registered medical students per year, economic growth and other related variables. Databases were used to describe the emigration of physicians such as the one constructed by Docquier and Bhagrava (2006) or Bhagrava, Docquier and Marfouk (2010). The databases provide information about the population of the counties, the number of physicians practicing domestically, the number of physicians per 1000 people and the emigration rate of physicians that is derived from the stock of physicians abroad taken as a percentage of medical doctors trained in their country of origin. The data for this latter ! #$!
Page 1 and 2: F E M I S E R E S E A R C H P R O G
Page 3 and 4: What Can Be Learnt from the New Eco
Page 5 and 6: AMGA: American Medical Group Associ
Page 7 and 8: USA: United State of America WB: Wo
Page 9 and 10: medical doctors are then free to en
Page 11 and 12: elate to quality research and educa
Page 13 and 14: This may concern also EU countries
Page 15 and 16: discussed both in theory and practi
Page 17 and 18: EU are then described and discussed
Page 19 and 20: specialties. This study shows that
Page 21 and 22: with this trade. Special arrangemen
Page 23 and 24: into the developed countries; where
Page 25 and 26: them as follow: Cross-border delive
Page 27 and 28: In this regard, the EU is suggestin
Page 29 and 30: Given the importance of health care
Page 31 and 32: Serbia. Low wages, poor working con
Page 33: • How does tertiary education wit
Page 37 and 38: annual living costs per student. Th
Page 39 and 40: Lithuania 4.12 4.15 4.01 4.03 3.97
Page 41 and 42: Egypt 67.57 68.86 70.17 71.52 72.89
Page 43 and 44: observed externally from developing
Page 45 and 46: Relative Wages : MIN MENA / By comp
Page 47 and 48: No future, Heavy workload, to save
Page 49 and 50: one-year qualification apprenticesh
Page 51 and 52: Other European Countries Austria 4
Page 53 and 54: one medical university and studies
Page 55 and 56: includes a three-year vocational tr
Page 57 and 58: has 18 medical universities and stu
Page 59 and 60: général du Gouvernement to gradua
Page 61 and 62: of Medical Science, Bachelor of Med
Page 63 and 64: Egypt Iran 29463 31445 32134 25990
Page 65 and 66: major policies and strategies relat
Page 67 and 68: The aim of this sub-part is to prov
Page 69 and 70: • What is the role of mobility of
Page 71 and 72: Commonwealth of Independent states
Page 73 and 74: Dodani and LaPorte (2005) suggest t
Page 75 and 76: In regards to the mobility of Europ
Page 77 and 78: The general conclusions of these th
Page 79 and 80: Specific factors Impact of HIV/AIDS
Page 81 and 82: Portugal X X Romania X X X Russian
Page 83 and 84: Germany Italy Spain Lithuania Slova
Page 85 and 86:
Italy (2%) and Russia (4) in 2008 (
Page 87 and 88:
theory assumes perfect transferabil
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The data available suggest potentia
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This chapter deals with the migrati
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networks and on the major channels
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assumed here that emigration decisi
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Increases (respectively decreases)
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Figure II.1.2: The shape of H as a
Page 101 and 102:
The optimal emigration rate that ca
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Figure II.1.4: Effects of the Level
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empirical investigation focuses on
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Table II.1.3.1: Country annual tren
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Table II.1.3.2: Country annual tren
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! ! C/D>)! 01::! 0103! 5881::7! E#%
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"#$%&'!()*)+!Eurostat Database Abou
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Using these parameter estimates, co
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different websites for different co
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the theoretical values of the relat
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p-value 0.33 0.03 t test 0.99 2.25
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The following set of graphs are the
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The countries with higher number of
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Turkey (m*=0.41, m**=0.77) Yemen (m
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periods but should be concerned abo
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health report “Comptes Nationaux
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In accordance with the health insur
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95 adults >15 years old per 100000
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To achieve progress in the health s
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The external problems comprise (1)
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first four hospital universities ex
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monitoring trends and economic fact
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Other support staff 6300 2.11 2004
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areas, the case of doctors who reti
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areas of Morocco. It is computed ye
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political instability, economic dep
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1. Gender VS Intention to Migrate A
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salaries differs according to the w
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Results The results are given below
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These results suggest that the numb
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Finally, the questionnaire records
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The past decades have witnessed an
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changed the notion of space, where
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implications on health, Huynen et a
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Figure III.1.3: Social stratificati
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Lee et al., (2007) primarily focus
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However, Collins (203) does recogni
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America. In Africa, where there are
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physicians from Liberia practice in
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Figure III.1.7: Migrant care worker
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espectively. An interesting particu
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Table III.1.5: Supply of foreign (-
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Table III.1.6: Health care wages in
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Figure II.1.11: Factors affecting h
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Figure III.1.12: Factors contributi
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Table III.1.10: International Quali
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health as integral to wellbeing thr
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III.2.1 Need for A cooperative Fram
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graduate spends of certain number o
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III.2.2 Migration of Medical Doctor
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The convexity condition is simply a
Page 203 and 204:
• A payoff vector (ai)i S is said
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III.2.2.2 Discussion and Public Pol
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Europe. Second, in the North Africa
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In the short run, the country of or
Page 211 and 212:
great incentive for medical student
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system, and therefore to the rest o
Page 215 and 216:
MENA countries could be moving to p
Page 217 and 218:
of their medical school. The other
Page 219 and 220:
Beine, M., Docquier, F. & Rapoport,
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German Medical Association.(2011).
Page 223 and 224:
World Bank Database, 2007. World Ba
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http://gse.buffalo.edu/org/inthighe
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Berland, Y. (2002). Demographie des
Page 229 and 230:
Gericke, C.A. (2006). Finance healt
Page 231 and 232:
Salehi-Isfahani, D., Tunali, I., As
Page 233 and 234:
Beine, M., Docquier, F. & Rapoport,
Page 235 and 236:
Docquier, F., Lohest, O. & Marfouk,
Page 237 and 238:
Labdelaoui, H. (2010). Les dimensio
Page 239 and 240:
Stark, O. (1991), The Migration of
Page 241 and 242:
WHO - World Health Organization (20
Page 243 and 244:
Linacre, S. (2007). “Migration: p
Page 245 and 246:
Challenging Inequities in Health: F
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Mullan, F. (2007). Doctors and Socc
Page 249 and 250:
Vujicic M, Zurn P, Diallo K, Dal Po
Page 251 and 252:
Collins, T. (2003). Globalization,
Page 253 and 254:
Kana, M.A., (2009). From Brain Drai
Page 255 and 256:
Sagoe, K. (2004). Using the Diaspor
Page 257 and 258:
Sub-part II.1: Appendix I Appendice
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means that So if , then: > which is
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A, B,C>0 and , , Then Demo 5: Sign
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t test 3.21788138 1.86856175 3.1713
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Lithuania Years m Relative wage H/H
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Romania Years m Relative wage H/H0
Page 269 and 270:
MENA Countries Risk Neutral Model C
Page 271 and 272:
Tunisia Turkey 1993 0.1781 2.50 1.9
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Syria Tunisia Turkey Yemen Stand.de
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Morocco Syria Tunisia t-stat (theor
Page 277 and 278:
Risk aversion model summary table C
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Table II-2-1.2: Projections of the
Page 281 and 282:
Observations 5 Coefficients Erreur-
Page 283 and 284:
Figure 4: Age distribution within r
Page 285 and 286:
Figure 11: Migration conditions dis
Page 287 and 288:
! "(&!
Page 289 and 290:
! "((!
Page 291 and 292:
! ")+!
Page 293 and 294:
! ")"!
Page 295 and 296:
! ")$!
Page 297:
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