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Relative
Other
MENA /
Wages : MIN
ECE Belarus Bulgaria
United Kingdom 0.29 0.40 0.35 0.38
Sources: ILO (2011); INSEE (2002); BMJ (1997) and French Ministry of Health Statistics (2008).
The same situation exists for Yemen but it has slightly higher maximal wages than
Ukraine while Algeria has higher wages than Ukraine and slightly higher maximal wages
than Russia. Table I.2.3.4 shows that physicians’ wages in Bahrain and Kuwait are lower
than the other European countries but they are not much lower than Austria and Portugal.
The following Table I.2.3.5 describes the relative wages between Bahrain and Kuwait as
other MENA countries and the available ECE countries. It is observed that all the ECE
countries have lower wages than both countries. In the case of Belarus, Ukraine, Romania
and Russia, minimal wages are much lower than Bahrain and Kuwait.
Table I.2.3.5: Minimum and maximum relative wages (Other MENA and ECE)
Czech
Republic Estonia Hungary Latvia Lithuania Poland Romania Russia Slovakia Slovenia Ukraine
Bahrain 0.01 0.22 0.48 0.19 0.12 0.77 0.23 0.53 0.01 0.02 0.56 0.63 0.03
Kuwait 0.01 0.16 0.35 0.13 0.09 0.56 0.17 0.39 0.01 0.01 0.40 0.46 0.02
Relative Wages : MAX
Other
MENA/
ECE Belarus Bulgaria
Czech
Republic Estonia Hungary Latvia Lithuania Poland Romania Russia Slovakia Slovenia Ukraine
Bahrain 0.30 0.17 0.75 0.22 0.53 0.61 0.43 0.55 0.48 0.12 0.46 0.72 0.03
Kuwait 0.27 0.16 0.68 0.20 0.48 0.56 0.39 0.50 0.44 0.11 0.42 0.66 0.03
Sources: ILO (2011); INSEE (2002); BMJ (1997) and French Ministry of Health Statistics (2008).
These comparisons lead to the identification of the three major trends among the four
groups of countries. It is logical to conclude some hypotheses considering that (1)
physicians with origins from all MENA countries move to practice in the other European
countries, (2) ECE’ physicians emigrate to other European countries and (3) to all MENA
countries except Egypt, Yemen and Algeria.
Malik et al. (2010) found that there are socio-cultural and organizational motivators that
lead to external migration from Pakistan such as poor working conditions, fewer
opportunities for higher qualifications, decreased safety and of course low salaries.
Physicians would try to practice in a place where career growth and respect are provided
besides better financial conditions. The WHO (2006) pointed to the reasons behind
emigration of health workers from four African countries (Cameroon, South Africa,
Uganda and Zimbabwe). Among these motivations, arranged by degree of importance are
better salaries, safer environment, living conditions, lack of facilities, lack of promotion,
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