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is only available from 1991 to 2004 and it represents efforts of the Trade Team
Development Research Group to measure the extent of brain drain in the international
migration and development program. The main countries of destination for physicians
coming from the MENA and other regions are the United Kingdom, USA, France,
Canada, Germany, Belgium, Australia, Italy, Sweden, Switzerland and Austria.
In relation to relative wages, data are retrieved from the most recent International Labor
Organization (ILO) Geneva (LABORSTA Labor Statistics Database) and completed with
other sources as indicated in the reference list for France, Morocco and Tunisia. Since
minimum and maximum salaries of French general physicians were not found in the ILO
database, they were extracted from the Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes
Economiques (INSEE, 2002), the British Medical Journal (1997) and the French ministry
of health statistics (2008). Tunisian and Moroccan physician wages were also retrieved
from other sources as provided in the reference list. The data covers wages from 1995 to
2008 where only data for General physicians on a monthly basis were considered. The
wages are then transformed to a common currency based on the exchange rate
information provided by oanda.com currency converter. When different data points are
available over several years, minimal and maximal figures are taken and relative wages
are provided based on the wage of the country of origin divided by that of the destination
country. Minimum and Maximum wages are then listed after converting all wages to
Euro using update exchange rate information.
In order to describe the medical education systems of different sending and receiving
countries from the groups studied in this chapter, data about each country’s medical
education system is needed. In this chapter, several sources were used including the
European Medical Association, ranking websites of different medical schools, cost of
living per country, tuition fees per school, number of schools and number of years of
medical education. When many medical schools exist in a given country, a minimum and
maximum tuition fees values are taken from the group of medical schools found in that
country. The cost of living is based on the basic needs of students and it includes
accommodation, food, utilities, gas, clothing and leisure. The figures are generally
obtained in a monthly basis and are multiplied by ten to give an approximation of the
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