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oth ends of the migration and circular migration-the receiving and
originating countries.
(i) Brain circulation can also contribute to the diffusion of “non-codified knowledge,”
in other words, knowledge that is implied but not formally stated and which
can only be transmitted via close contact (OECD, 2008).
(ii) There is also the possibility to contribute to local R&D. The returning medical
doctors can facilitate knowledge exchange and collaboration with the country
that had hosted the medical doctor by building or reinforcing research
networks.
(iii) Additionally, knowledge can also spill to organizations and firms taking
advantage of the new skills. Aside from the possibility that the returning
migrant can become themselves in the local economic activity as
entrepreneurs.
Circular migration rates tend to be greater in countries that are “at a greater cultural,
economic and geographic distance from the host country,” OECD (2008.) Moreover, this
tendency is motivated by the existence of a decent local labor market and family ties.
However, the country of origin can act as a catalyst to favor brain circulation.
To fully benefit from the different advantages from brain circulation, the country of
origin should invest in an infrastructure that is able to absorb the returning medical
doctors. Since one the major reasons for the migration of highly skilled labor is the lure
of better research funding, countries of origin should:
(i) Create a good environment for science innovation and promotion, including (i)
the creation of an advantageous legislation for researchers both national and
international, and (ii) the introduction of a beneficial taxation system for
researchers (as suggested in Daugeliene & Marcinkeviciene, 2009.) Investing
in medical education could also attract foreign students, especially from
Africa, and therefore generate more revenues for the country and establish its
reputation as a provider of educational services.
(ii) Remove barriers to trade so as to curb brain drain and encourage brain
circulation. First, if national scientists’ mobility is encouraged so that they can
acquire better skills and avoid their migration. Second, migration might be a
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