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paramedical and administrative staff increased by 20.6% from 2007 to 2009 and announced the creation of 2000 new positions under the current finance bill. In addition, the ministry started a new health care plan to train 3300 doctors by 2020 (Magharebia, 2010). Data and Method In order to achieve the planned number of medical doctors by 2015 (MDGs), 2020 or later, it is necessary to define the trends of the most important variables influencing the results. The number of medical doctors in Morocco in a yearly basis is needed. The Moroccan Ministry of Health “Santé en chiffre 2009” provides the number of medical doctors (specialists and generalists) in 2009. The values of this variable during 1999- 2007 are provided by the Global Health Workforce Alliance (2010) from the Ministry of Health 80 . The stock of medical doctor migrants is also needed in a yearly basis. It is retrieved from the Docquier and Bhargava (2006) database about medical brain drain from 1999 to 2004. The rate of retirement is assumed to be a yearly average of 2.5% and is computed directly from the number of medical doctors. In 2005, the number of retiring medical doctors is increased by 371 81 because of the voluntary leave campaign that took place that year when 236 specialists and 135 generalists voluntarily retired (Boudarham, 2005). Therefore, the yearly addition to the number of medical doctors can be computed as the new number minus the actual number of medical doctors plus the number of retired doctors and migrant doctors (Appendix: Table A.1). The value of total population is also needed in a yearly basis. The values were retrieved from the World Bank (WB) data bank 82 for the period 1999-2009 and from the Human development Report for 2010 value and projection values of 2015 and 2020 83 . It is then possible to compute the number of medical doctors per 10000 people on a yearly basis. There is also the distribution of the population over the Moroccan land that can be needed when assessing the distribution of medical doctors over the rural and urban 80 GHWA – Global Health Workforce Alliance (2010). 81 http://www.wladbladi.com/forum/info-bled/7533-maroc-recrutera-medecins-etrangers.html 82 http://databank.worldbank.org/ddp/home.do 83 http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr2010/ ! *$'!
areas of Morocco. It is computed yearly given the Moroccan area of 446300 square Km of land 84 and the total population each year. The other set of variables includes economic, health education and growth data that would be used as inflows into the model (Appendix: Table A.2). The values of GDP (US$) and GDP per Capita (US$) are retrieved from the World Data Bank of the WB. The values of the Gross National Income per Capita are also retrieved from the World Data Bank on a yearly basis from 1999 to 2009. In addition, data about the urban population values as percentage of total population is also retrieved on a yearly basis from the World data bank (WB, 2010). Health expenditures per Capita (PPP US$) values are taken on a yearly basis from the Human Development Reports of 2006, 2005, 2004, 2003 and 2002 for the period 2000-2004. Then, the number of graduates in health is also taken from the World data bank (WB) for the years 2001 and 2005-2009 and includes all human resources for health. The idea is to define the trends of the different variables that are either inflow of outflows that influence the rate of physicians per population. After doing the back-casting, the trends will allow the forecasting of future values till 2030 in this paper. The trends are defined for key variables in Table II.2.2.2 by conducting some linear regressions on the yearly data where X represents a yearly index. Table II.2.2.2: Trends of key variables Variable Equation R 2 Obs. Medical Doctor Number 0.9672 10 Medical Doctor Migrants 0.9888 6 Total Population 0.9402 16 Urban Population (% of Total) Health Expenditures per Capita (PPP $) GDP per Capita (Current US $) GNI per Capita (PPP int. $) 0.8995 16 0.7729 5 0.9258 12 0.9865 11 84 The land area of Morocco is 446300 Km 2 based on the computation of the World Bank data bank. ! *$(!
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F E M I S E R E S E A R C H P R O G
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What Can Be Learnt from the New Eco
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AMGA: American Medical Group Associ
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USA: United State of America WB: Wo
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medical doctors are then free to en
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elate to quality research and educa
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This may concern also EU countries
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discussed both in theory and practi
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EU are then described and discussed
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specialties. This study shows that
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with this trade. Special arrangemen
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into the developed countries; where
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them as follow: Cross-border delive
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In this regard, the EU is suggestin
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Given the importance of health care
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Serbia. Low wages, poor working con
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• How does tertiary education wit
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Driouchi & Kadiri (2010) are promis
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annual living costs per student. Th
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Lithuania 4.12 4.15 4.01 4.03 3.97
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Egypt 67.57 68.86 70.17 71.52 72.89
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observed externally from developing
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Relative Wages : MIN MENA / By comp
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No future, Heavy workload, to save
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one-year qualification apprenticesh
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Other European Countries Austria 4
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one medical university and studies
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includes a three-year vocational tr
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has 18 medical universities and stu
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général du Gouvernement to gradua
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of Medical Science, Bachelor of Med
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Egypt Iran 29463 31445 32134 25990
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major policies and strategies relat
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The aim of this sub-part is to prov
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• What is the role of mobility of
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Commonwealth of Independent states
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Dodani and LaPorte (2005) suggest t
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In regards to the mobility of Europ
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The general conclusions of these th
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Specific factors Impact of HIV/AIDS
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Portugal X X Romania X X X Russian
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Germany Italy Spain Lithuania Slova
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Italy (2%) and Russia (4) in 2008 (
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theory assumes perfect transferabil
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The data available suggest potentia
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This chapter deals with the migrati
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networks and on the major channels
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assumed here that emigration decisi
Page 97 and 98: Increases (respectively decreases)
Page 99 and 100: Figure II.1.2: The shape of H as a
Page 101 and 102: The optimal emigration rate that ca
Page 103 and 104: Figure II.1.4: Effects of the Level
Page 105 and 106: empirical investigation focuses on
Page 107 and 108: Table II.1.3.1: Country annual tren
Page 109 and 110: Table II.1.3.2: Country annual tren
Page 111 and 112: ! ! C/D>)! 01::! 0103! 5881::7! E#%
Page 113 and 114: "#$%&'!()*)+!Eurostat Database Abou
Page 115 and 116: Using these parameter estimates, co
Page 117 and 118: different websites for different co
Page 119 and 120: the theoretical values of the relat
Page 121 and 122: p-value 0.33 0.03 t test 0.99 2.25
Page 123 and 124: The following set of graphs are the
Page 125 and 126: The countries with higher number of
Page 127 and 128: Turkey (m*=0.41, m**=0.77) Yemen (m
Page 129 and 130: periods but should be concerned abo
Page 131 and 132: health report “Comptes Nationaux
Page 133 and 134: In accordance with the health insur
Page 135 and 136: 95 adults >15 years old per 100000
Page 137 and 138: To achieve progress in the health s
Page 139 and 140: The external problems comprise (1)
Page 141 and 142: first four hospital universities ex
Page 143 and 144: monitoring trends and economic fact
Page 145 and 146: Other support staff 6300 2.11 2004
Page 147: areas, the case of doctors who reti
Page 151 and 152: political instability, economic dep
Page 153 and 154: 1. Gender VS Intention to Migrate A
Page 155 and 156: salaries differs according to the w
Page 157 and 158: Results The results are given below
Page 159 and 160: These results suggest that the numb
Page 161 and 162: Finally, the questionnaire records
Page 163 and 164: The past decades have witnessed an
Page 165 and 166: changed the notion of space, where
Page 167 and 168: implications on health, Huynen et a
Page 169 and 170: Figure III.1.3: Social stratificati
Page 171 and 172: Lee et al., (2007) primarily focus
Page 173 and 174: However, Collins (203) does recogni
Page 175 and 176: America. In Africa, where there are
Page 177 and 178: physicians from Liberia practice in
Page 179 and 180: Figure III.1.7: Migrant care worker
Page 181 and 182: espectively. An interesting particu
Page 183 and 184: Table III.1.5: Supply of foreign (-
Page 185 and 186: Table III.1.6: Health care wages in
Page 187 and 188: Figure II.1.11: Factors affecting h
Page 189 and 190: Figure III.1.12: Factors contributi
Page 191 and 192: Table III.1.10: International Quali
Page 193 and 194: health as integral to wellbeing thr
Page 195 and 196: III.2.1 Need for A cooperative Fram
Page 197 and 198: graduate spends of certain number o
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III.2.2 Migration of Medical Doctor
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The convexity condition is simply a
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• A payoff vector (ai)i S is said
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III.2.2.2 Discussion and Public Pol
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Europe. Second, in the North Africa
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In the short run, the country of or
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great incentive for medical student
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system, and therefore to the rest o
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MENA countries could be moving to p
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of their medical school. The other
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Beine, M., Docquier, F. & Rapoport,
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German Medical Association.(2011).
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World Bank Database, 2007. World Ba
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http://gse.buffalo.edu/org/inthighe
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Berland, Y. (2002). Demographie des
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Gericke, C.A. (2006). Finance healt
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Salehi-Isfahani, D., Tunali, I., As
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Beine, M., Docquier, F. & Rapoport,
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Docquier, F., Lohest, O. & Marfouk,
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Labdelaoui, H. (2010). Les dimensio
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Stark, O. (1991), The Migration of
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WHO - World Health Organization (20
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Linacre, S. (2007). “Migration: p
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Challenging Inequities in Health: F
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Mullan, F. (2007). Doctors and Socc
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Vujicic M, Zurn P, Diallo K, Dal Po
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Collins, T. (2003). Globalization,
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Kana, M.A., (2009). From Brain Drai
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Sagoe, K. (2004). Using the Diaspor
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Sub-part II.1: Appendix I Appendice
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means that So if , then: > which is
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A, B,C>0 and , , Then Demo 5: Sign
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t test 3.21788138 1.86856175 3.1713
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Lithuania Years m Relative wage H/H
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Romania Years m Relative wage H/H0
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MENA Countries Risk Neutral Model C
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Tunisia Turkey 1993 0.1781 2.50 1.9
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Syria Tunisia Turkey Yemen Stand.de
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Morocco Syria Tunisia t-stat (theor
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Risk aversion model summary table C
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Table II-2-1.2: Projections of the
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Observations 5 Coefficients Erreur-
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Figure 4: Age distribution within r
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Figure 11: Migration conditions dis
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