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Luxembourg lacks its own medical school. In this case, every physician wishing to practice in the country should be registered with the Minister of Health free of charge 30 . Thus, applicants who complete the requirements of directive 93/16/EC must finish an application form obtained from the Health Ministry and provide their original medical diploma, certificate of nationality and a certificate of good standing. In the Netherlands, there are eight medical school and studies last for six years (three in pre-clinical and three in clinical studies 31 ). Admission to medical schools is based on the completion of the highest level of secondary school. Graduates can specialize immediately after graduation after passing an interview to join a training program that lasts for a minimum of 5 years. They will work under the supervision of a senior medical specialist. Research experience and publications are expected from these trainees. General Practitioners complete a three year specific training program before being allowed membership to the Royal Dutch Medical Association's register of general practitioners 32 . Norway’s four universities provide a six-and-a-half year medical program that is followed by 18 months of supervised clinical training (12 months hospital based and six months with a general practitioner 33 ). Admission to medical schools is based on a relatively high GPA from secondary school. Once the six-year program is completed, students receive a candidatus medicinae degree and are granted a medical license after completing the 18-month training by the Norwegian Registration Authority for Health Personnel. Then, the doctor can apply for specialist training and choose among the 43 recognized medical specialties in Norway 34 . Specialist training programs last for 5 to 6 years and specialist approval is granted after 9 years and is the prerequisite for application for consultant positions. Specialist training for general practitioner lasts for 5 years including a two-year vocational training program. Portugal has eight medical universities and studies last for six years followed by a pre- registration training 35 . After registration, doctors choose a career among hospital medicine, general practice and public health. Specialization as general practitioner 30 http://www.bma.org.uk/international/working_abroad/EEA.jsp?page=20 31 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_school#Netherlands_and_Belgium 32 http://www.bma.org.uk/international/working_abroad/EEA.jsp?page=22 33 http://www.bma.org.uk/international/working_abroad/EEA.jsp?page=23 34 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_school#Norway 35 http://www.bma.org.uk/international/working_abroad/EEA.jsp?page=25 ! %#!
includes a three-year vocational training program that leads to a ‘generalist’ diploma. Spain has 38 medical universities and studies last for six years (three in pre-clinical and three in clinical course). At the end of the program, the graduates receive the Licenciado en Medicina y Cirugia degree 36 . Specialist training is accessible to Spanish citizens and citizens of other European economic area (EEA) states after a competitive examination that is conducted in Spanish only. Successful candidates undertake a three to four years or even longer residency program. Concerning, the general practitioners, they spend their final year in training practice after they pass a separate exam. Sweden has six medical universities and undergraduate medical courses last for five and a half years followed by an 18-month internship (6 months in family medicine and one year in rotation of various major specialties 37 ). After completion of internship and award of registration, the doctor can undertake a specialist training that lasts at least five years. Sweden has 52 recognized medical specialties 38 . General practitioners should complete a five-year program that leads to the title of specialist in family medicine. Switzerland has six medical universities and studies last for six years followed by general and specialist trainings 39 . Medical education is regulated by the Federatio Medicorum Helveticorum (FMH). The UK has 32 medical universities that offer medical education and award the degree of Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery after the completion of the medical program. Admission to UK medical schools is based on A-levels, a good performance in various skill tests or an interview. The UK methods of education vary between problem- based learning, traditional pre-clinical/ clinical program and integrated approach combining different methods 40 . UK doctors enter a two-year foundation program after qualification and are awarded full General Medical Council (GMC) registration at the end of the first year and can apply for specialist training after the second year. Besides, medical schools in the UK offer accelerated graduate entry programs (four years). 36 http://www.bma.org.uk/international/working_abroad/EEA.jsp?page=29 37 http://www.bma.org.uk/international/working_abroad/EEA.jsp?page=30 38 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_school#Sweden 39 http://www.bma.org.uk/international/working_abroad/EEA.jsp?page=31 40 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_school#United_Kingdom ! %$!
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F E M I S E R E S E A R C H P R O G
Page 3 and 4: What Can Be Learnt from the New Eco
Page 5 and 6: AMGA: American Medical Group Associ
Page 7 and 8: USA: United State of America WB: Wo
Page 9 and 10: medical doctors are then free to en
Page 11 and 12: elate to quality research and educa
Page 13 and 14: This may concern also EU countries
Page 15 and 16: discussed both in theory and practi
Page 17 and 18: EU are then described and discussed
Page 19 and 20: specialties. This study shows that
Page 21 and 22: with this trade. Special arrangemen
Page 23 and 24: into the developed countries; where
Page 25 and 26: them as follow: Cross-border delive
Page 27 and 28: In this regard, the EU is suggestin
Page 29 and 30: Given the importance of health care
Page 31 and 32: Serbia. Low wages, poor working con
Page 33 and 34: • How does tertiary education wit
Page 35 and 36: Driouchi & Kadiri (2010) are promis
Page 37 and 38: annual living costs per student. Th
Page 39 and 40: Lithuania 4.12 4.15 4.01 4.03 3.97
Page 41 and 42: Egypt 67.57 68.86 70.17 71.52 72.89
Page 43 and 44: observed externally from developing
Page 45 and 46: Relative Wages : MIN MENA / By comp
Page 47 and 48: No future, Heavy workload, to save
Page 49 and 50: one-year qualification apprenticesh
Page 51 and 52: Other European Countries Austria 4
Page 53: one medical university and studies
Page 57 and 58: has 18 medical universities and stu
Page 59 and 60: général du Gouvernement to gradua
Page 61 and 62: of Medical Science, Bachelor of Med
Page 63 and 64: Egypt Iran 29463 31445 32134 25990
Page 65 and 66: major policies and strategies relat
Page 67 and 68: The aim of this sub-part is to prov
Page 69 and 70: • What is the role of mobility of
Page 71 and 72: Commonwealth of Independent states
Page 73 and 74: Dodani and LaPorte (2005) suggest t
Page 75 and 76: In regards to the mobility of Europ
Page 77 and 78: The general conclusions of these th
Page 79 and 80: Specific factors Impact of HIV/AIDS
Page 81 and 82: Portugal X X Romania X X X Russian
Page 83 and 84: Germany Italy Spain Lithuania Slova
Page 85 and 86: Italy (2%) and Russia (4) in 2008 (
Page 87 and 88: theory assumes perfect transferabil
Page 89 and 90: The data available suggest potentia
Page 91 and 92: This chapter deals with the migrati
Page 93 and 94: networks and on the major channels
Page 95 and 96: assumed here that emigration decisi
Page 97 and 98: Increases (respectively decreases)
Page 99 and 100: Figure II.1.2: The shape of H as a
Page 101 and 102: The optimal emigration rate that ca
Page 103 and 104: Figure II.1.4: Effects of the Level
Page 105 and 106:
empirical investigation focuses on
Page 107 and 108:
Table II.1.3.1: Country annual tren
Page 109 and 110:
Table II.1.3.2: Country annual tren
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! ! C/D>)! 01::! 0103! 5881::7! E#%
Page 113 and 114:
"#$%&'!()*)+!Eurostat Database Abou
Page 115 and 116:
Using these parameter estimates, co
Page 117 and 118:
different websites for different co
Page 119 and 120:
the theoretical values of the relat
Page 121 and 122:
p-value 0.33 0.03 t test 0.99 2.25
Page 123 and 124:
The following set of graphs are the
Page 125 and 126:
The countries with higher number of
Page 127 and 128:
Turkey (m*=0.41, m**=0.77) Yemen (m
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periods but should be concerned abo
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health report “Comptes Nationaux
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In accordance with the health insur
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95 adults >15 years old per 100000
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To achieve progress in the health s
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The external problems comprise (1)
Page 141 and 142:
first four hospital universities ex
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monitoring trends and economic fact
Page 145 and 146:
Other support staff 6300 2.11 2004
Page 147 and 148:
areas, the case of doctors who reti
Page 149 and 150:
areas of Morocco. It is computed ye
Page 151 and 152:
political instability, economic dep
Page 153 and 154:
1. Gender VS Intention to Migrate A
Page 155 and 156:
salaries differs according to the w
Page 157 and 158:
Results The results are given below
Page 159 and 160:
These results suggest that the numb
Page 161 and 162:
Finally, the questionnaire records
Page 163 and 164:
The past decades have witnessed an
Page 165 and 166:
changed the notion of space, where
Page 167 and 168:
implications on health, Huynen et a
Page 169 and 170:
Figure III.1.3: Social stratificati
Page 171 and 172:
Lee et al., (2007) primarily focus
Page 173 and 174:
However, Collins (203) does recogni
Page 175 and 176:
America. In Africa, where there are
Page 177 and 178:
physicians from Liberia practice in
Page 179 and 180:
Figure III.1.7: Migrant care worker
Page 181 and 182:
espectively. An interesting particu
Page 183 and 184:
Table III.1.5: Supply of foreign (-
Page 185 and 186:
Table III.1.6: Health care wages in
Page 187 and 188:
Figure II.1.11: Factors affecting h
Page 189 and 190:
Figure III.1.12: Factors contributi
Page 191 and 192:
Table III.1.10: International Quali
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health as integral to wellbeing thr
Page 195 and 196:
III.2.1 Need for A cooperative Fram
Page 197 and 198:
graduate spends of certain number o
Page 199 and 200:
III.2.2 Migration of Medical Doctor
Page 201 and 202:
The convexity condition is simply a
Page 203 and 204:
• A payoff vector (ai)i S is said
Page 205 and 206:
III.2.2.2 Discussion and Public Pol
Page 207 and 208:
Europe. Second, in the North Africa
Page 209 and 210:
In the short run, the country of or
Page 211 and 212:
great incentive for medical student
Page 213 and 214:
system, and therefore to the rest o
Page 215 and 216:
MENA countries could be moving to p
Page 217 and 218:
of their medical school. The other
Page 219 and 220:
Beine, M., Docquier, F. & Rapoport,
Page 221 and 222:
German Medical Association.(2011).
Page 223 and 224:
World Bank Database, 2007. World Ba
Page 225 and 226:
http://gse.buffalo.edu/org/inthighe
Page 227 and 228:
Berland, Y. (2002). Demographie des
Page 229 and 230:
Gericke, C.A. (2006). Finance healt
Page 231 and 232:
Salehi-Isfahani, D., Tunali, I., As
Page 233 and 234:
Beine, M., Docquier, F. & Rapoport,
Page 235 and 236:
Docquier, F., Lohest, O. & Marfouk,
Page 237 and 238:
Labdelaoui, H. (2010). Les dimensio
Page 239 and 240:
Stark, O. (1991), The Migration of
Page 241 and 242:
WHO - World Health Organization (20
Page 243 and 244:
Linacre, S. (2007). “Migration: p
Page 245 and 246:
Challenging Inequities in Health: F
Page 247 and 248:
Mullan, F. (2007). Doctors and Socc
Page 249 and 250:
Vujicic M, Zurn P, Diallo K, Dal Po
Page 251 and 252:
Collins, T. (2003). Globalization,
Page 253 and 254:
Kana, M.A., (2009). From Brain Drai
Page 255 and 256:
Sagoe, K. (2004). Using the Diaspor
Page 257 and 258:
Sub-part II.1: Appendix I Appendice
Page 259 and 260:
means that So if , then: > which is
Page 261 and 262:
A, B,C>0 and , , Then Demo 5: Sign
Page 263 and 264:
t test 3.21788138 1.86856175 3.1713
Page 265 and 266:
Lithuania Years m Relative wage H/H
Page 267 and 268:
Romania Years m Relative wage H/H0
Page 269 and 270:
MENA Countries Risk Neutral Model C
Page 271 and 272:
Tunisia Turkey 1993 0.1781 2.50 1.9
Page 273 and 274:
Syria Tunisia Turkey Yemen Stand.de
Page 275 and 276:
Morocco Syria Tunisia t-stat (theor
Page 277 and 278:
Risk aversion model summary table C
Page 279 and 280:
Table II-2-1.2: Projections of the
Page 281 and 282:
Observations 5 Coefficients Erreur-
Page 283 and 284:
Figure 4: Age distribution within r
Page 285 and 286:
Figure 11: Migration conditions dis
Page 287 and 288:
! "(&!
Page 289 and 290:
! "((!
Page 291 and 292:
! ")+!
Page 293 and 294:
! ")"!
Page 295 and 296:
! ")$!
Page 297:
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