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Respondents in this study practice in both public and private hospitals. In general, public and private hospitals differ in terms of equipment, number of medical staff, financial situation of staff, and other characteristics. These differences between private and public hospitals might affect intention to migrate within medical professionals practicing in the two kinds of hospitals. In order to test the relationship between workplace (private or public sector) and intention to migrate (yes or no), a Chi-square test is performed with the two categorical variables workplace (public or private) and intention to migrate (yes or no). The results reveal that there is no significant relationship between the workplace and intention to migrate. In other words, working in a public hospital or a private one does not affect the respondent’s intention to migrate. Kumar and Simi (2007) indicate that financial reasons are the most important motivating factor for doctors who relocated to overseas destinations. In order to investigate this assumption, respondents were asked to evaluate their current salaries as very good, good, or poor. To assess whether the rating of current salaries is related to the intention to migrate, a Chi-square test is performed with salary rating and intention to migrate as two categorical variables. The chi-square test results suggest opposing results to what was suggested by (Kumar and Simi, 2007) and reveal that rating of salaries does not affect respondents’ intention to migrate. A further important factor that might be leading to migration is the circumstances under which the medical doctor works. The health sector in Morocco has been widely criticized by medical doctors. The last manifestations in Rabat are a good evidence of medical professionals’ dissatisfaction about their current situation. The survey asked respondents to rate the difficulty they find in treating patients on a scale from 0 to 10, with 0 as finding no difficulty and 10 as highly difficult. In order to test whether finding difficulties in treating patients affect medical professionals’ intention to migrate, a logit regression is performed with difficulty score as an independent variable and intention to migrate as a dependent variable. The results suggest that the score of difficulty in treating patients is positively related to intention to migrate. In other words, facing difficulties in treating patients increases respondents’ intention to migrate. ! *%)!
Finally, the questionnaire records reveal that the migration conditions factors that bother respondents and therefore might limit their intention to migrate include equivalence test (56% of respondents), readmission into the host country (44%), partner and child terms (43%), and salaries (17%). The assumed hypothesis reveals that these migration conditions have a negative effect on respondents’ intention to migrate. So, the higher the number of migration conditions disturbing medical professionals, the lower will be their intention to migrate. In order to test whether these factors are related to respondents’ intention to migrate, a logistic regression is performed with the number of conditions mentioned by respondents as an independent variable and intention to migrate as a dependent variable. The results suggest that these migration conditions do not negatively affect respondents’ intention to migrate. Even though, such conditions might be the reason pushing these respondents to still practice in Morocco even if they have intention to migrate. Conclusion When looking closely to a specific country (Morocco) of the MENA region, it appears that local needs of healthcare are increasing. Furthermore, enhancements in quality of health services are also expected. This is happening under the effects of demographic changes, income enhancement and urbanization but also with the promotion of social programs. While these demand side impacts are progressively increasing in the future, the supply side is also diversifying the means of providing better services. In this process, while medical research needs to be emphasized, the deficit in medical doctors is considered on medium term, to be increased. Medical education and research are then becoming central parts for satisfying the pressure from increased health demand. When accounting for the emigration of medical doctors, the pressure of demand becomes even more important. Away from health technologies that need continuous updating, human resources and especially medical doctors and human expertise appear to be crucial. The cooperative frameworks with other countries and mainly with the EU and the countries composing it can be an important source for satisfying both the needs of the EU and those ! *&+!
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F E M I S E R E S E A R C H P R O G
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What Can Be Learnt from the New Eco
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AMGA: American Medical Group Associ
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USA: United State of America WB: Wo
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medical doctors are then free to en
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elate to quality research and educa
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This may concern also EU countries
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discussed both in theory and practi
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EU are then described and discussed
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specialties. This study shows that
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with this trade. Special arrangemen
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into the developed countries; where
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them as follow: Cross-border delive
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In this regard, the EU is suggestin
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Given the importance of health care
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Serbia. Low wages, poor working con
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• How does tertiary education wit
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Driouchi & Kadiri (2010) are promis
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annual living costs per student. Th
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Lithuania 4.12 4.15 4.01 4.03 3.97
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Egypt 67.57 68.86 70.17 71.52 72.89
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observed externally from developing
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Relative Wages : MIN MENA / By comp
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No future, Heavy workload, to save
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one-year qualification apprenticesh
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Other European Countries Austria 4
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one medical university and studies
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includes a three-year vocational tr
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has 18 medical universities and stu
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général du Gouvernement to gradua
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of Medical Science, Bachelor of Med
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Egypt Iran 29463 31445 32134 25990
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major policies and strategies relat
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The aim of this sub-part is to prov
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• What is the role of mobility of
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Commonwealth of Independent states
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Dodani and LaPorte (2005) suggest t
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In regards to the mobility of Europ
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The general conclusions of these th
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Specific factors Impact of HIV/AIDS
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Portugal X X Romania X X X Russian
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Germany Italy Spain Lithuania Slova
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Italy (2%) and Russia (4) in 2008 (
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theory assumes perfect transferabil
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The data available suggest potentia
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This chapter deals with the migrati
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networks and on the major channels
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assumed here that emigration decisi
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Increases (respectively decreases)
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Figure II.1.2: The shape of H as a
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The optimal emigration rate that ca
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Figure II.1.4: Effects of the Level
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empirical investigation focuses on
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Table II.1.3.1: Country annual tren
Page 109 and 110: Table II.1.3.2: Country annual tren
Page 111 and 112: ! ! C/D>)! 01::! 0103! 5881::7! E#%
Page 113 and 114: "#$%&'!()*)+!Eurostat Database Abou
Page 115 and 116: Using these parameter estimates, co
Page 117 and 118: different websites for different co
Page 119 and 120: the theoretical values of the relat
Page 121 and 122: p-value 0.33 0.03 t test 0.99 2.25
Page 123 and 124: The following set of graphs are the
Page 125 and 126: The countries with higher number of
Page 127 and 128: Turkey (m*=0.41, m**=0.77) Yemen (m
Page 129 and 130: periods but should be concerned abo
Page 131 and 132: health report “Comptes Nationaux
Page 133 and 134: In accordance with the health insur
Page 135 and 136: 95 adults >15 years old per 100000
Page 137 and 138: To achieve progress in the health s
Page 139 and 140: The external problems comprise (1)
Page 141 and 142: first four hospital universities ex
Page 143 and 144: monitoring trends and economic fact
Page 145 and 146: Other support staff 6300 2.11 2004
Page 147 and 148: areas, the case of doctors who reti
Page 149 and 150: areas of Morocco. It is computed ye
Page 151 and 152: political instability, economic dep
Page 153 and 154: 1. Gender VS Intention to Migrate A
Page 155 and 156: salaries differs according to the w
Page 157 and 158: Results The results are given below
Page 159: These results suggest that the numb
Page 163 and 164: The past decades have witnessed an
Page 165 and 166: changed the notion of space, where
Page 167 and 168: implications on health, Huynen et a
Page 169 and 170: Figure III.1.3: Social stratificati
Page 171 and 172: Lee et al., (2007) primarily focus
Page 173 and 174: However, Collins (203) does recogni
Page 175 and 176: America. In Africa, where there are
Page 177 and 178: physicians from Liberia practice in
Page 179 and 180: Figure III.1.7: Migrant care worker
Page 181 and 182: espectively. An interesting particu
Page 183 and 184: Table III.1.5: Supply of foreign (-
Page 185 and 186: Table III.1.6: Health care wages in
Page 187 and 188: Figure II.1.11: Factors affecting h
Page 189 and 190: Figure III.1.12: Factors contributi
Page 191 and 192: Table III.1.10: International Quali
Page 193 and 194: health as integral to wellbeing thr
Page 195 and 196: III.2.1 Need for A cooperative Fram
Page 197 and 198: graduate spends of certain number o
Page 199 and 200: III.2.2 Migration of Medical Doctor
Page 201 and 202: The convexity condition is simply a
Page 203 and 204: • A payoff vector (ai)i S is said
Page 205 and 206: III.2.2.2 Discussion and Public Pol
Page 207 and 208: Europe. Second, in the North Africa
Page 209 and 210: In the short run, the country of or
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great incentive for medical student
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system, and therefore to the rest o
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MENA countries could be moving to p
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of their medical school. The other
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Beine, M., Docquier, F. & Rapoport,
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German Medical Association.(2011).
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World Bank Database, 2007. World Ba
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http://gse.buffalo.edu/org/inthighe
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Berland, Y. (2002). Demographie des
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Gericke, C.A. (2006). Finance healt
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Salehi-Isfahani, D., Tunali, I., As
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Beine, M., Docquier, F. & Rapoport,
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Docquier, F., Lohest, O. & Marfouk,
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Labdelaoui, H. (2010). Les dimensio
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Stark, O. (1991), The Migration of
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WHO - World Health Organization (20
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Linacre, S. (2007). “Migration: p
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Challenging Inequities in Health: F
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Mullan, F. (2007). Doctors and Socc
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Vujicic M, Zurn P, Diallo K, Dal Po
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Collins, T. (2003). Globalization,
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Kana, M.A., (2009). From Brain Drai
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Sagoe, K. (2004). Using the Diaspor
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Sub-part II.1: Appendix I Appendice
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means that So if , then: > which is
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A, B,C>0 and , , Then Demo 5: Sign
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t test 3.21788138 1.86856175 3.1713
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Lithuania Years m Relative wage H/H
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Romania Years m Relative wage H/H0
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MENA Countries Risk Neutral Model C
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Tunisia Turkey 1993 0.1781 2.50 1.9
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Syria Tunisia Turkey Yemen Stand.de
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Morocco Syria Tunisia t-stat (theor
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Risk aversion model summary table C
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Table II-2-1.2: Projections of the
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Observations 5 Coefficients Erreur-
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Figure 4: Age distribution within r
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Figure 11: Migration conditions dis
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