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Medical education lasts for five years and students begin medical school as college undergraduates 41 . C. MENA Countries These countries include Algeria, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey and Yemen as MENA countries. Medical studies require between four in Lebanon and seven years of study and tuition fees differ among a majority of public medical schools and some private ones. Table I.2.4.3 describes the total fees incurred per year in US dollars. It is observed that Morocco, Tunisia and Yemen have the lowest fees in the group while Lebanon, Jordan, Iran, Turkey and Israel have the highest fees. However, in Turkey, for example, the minimum fee is considered low. This is explained by the low level of fees required by public universities and the difference in the amount of tuition fees between local and international students. Table I.2.4.3: Cost of Medical Education in MENA Countries Country Number of Med. Total Fees Per Year (USD) Schools MIN MAX Duration (Yrs) MENA Countries Algeria 11 3680 15180 6 / 7 Egypt 18 7251.23 21466.27 6 / 7 Iran 49 6000 29800 7 Iraq 13 9000 20000 6 Israel 4 20250 23250 6 yrs/ 7 yrs Jordan 4 6617.5 34745.9 6 Lebanon 7 9430 36020 4 to 7 yrs Libya 4 4060 16747.8 6 Morocco 5 683.4322 4309.931 7 Syria 6 6199.29975 18406 6 Tunisia 4 1877.516 7218.32 5 or 7 yrs Turkey 50 6100 26460 6 or 7 yrs Yemen 6 2920 8310 6 or 6.5 yrs Algeria has eleven medical schools and the duration of basic medical education lasts for six or seven years including medical training. At the completion of this latter, the student is awarded the degree of ‘Docteur en Médecine’ (Doctor of Medicine) and granted the license to practice medicine by the Algerian ministry of health and population 42 . Egypt 41 http://www.amsa.org/AMSA/Homepage/Publications/TheNewPhysician/2009/1209IntlTraining.aspx 42 http://www.who.int/hrh/wdms/media/en/Algeria.pdf ! %%!
has 18 medical universities and studies last for six years to obtain a degree of bachelor of medicine and bachelor of surgery. Admission to Egyptian medical schools is based on the applicant’s score on the last two-year secondary school. There is a very strict quota to the number of student accepted by the admission office which regulates entry into public universities but this is not applicable to private universities. The first three years of medical school cover the basic medical sciences, while the last three years involve clinical sciences. After the end of the program, the graduate is required to undertake a year of full-time internship at one of the University or Government Teaching hospitals. Then, a medical license as a General Practitioner (GP) is received, followed by registration with the Ministry of Health and the Egyptian Medical Syndicate 43 . In Iran, there are 49 medical schools and basic medical education is provided in seven years including practical training while additional two years should be spent in government service before the degree is awarded. It is compulsory for the physician to register with the Medical Council of Iran in order to get a medical license to practice 44 . Iraq has thirteen medical schools that provide medical education for six years. Medical registration is compulsory with the Iraqi Medical Association. The medical license to practice is delivered to holders of a Bachelor of Science in Medicine and General Surgery from a recognized medical school in the country. The license is granted after completion of a 2-year internship (rural and national service) by the graduate. Graduates who received their degree from abroad should get it validated by the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research. On the other hand, foreigners can practice in Iraq if they hold a contract with a government agency or if a reciprocal agreement exists between their country and Iraq. Besides, work in government service after graduation is compulsory for Iraqi graduates (25 years) 45 . Israel has four university medical schools and studies last for six years. As of 2009, Tel Aviv University has introduced a four year program for students with a bachelor's degree in biological sciences-related fields. Admission to medical schools requires an elevated high school baccalaureate average and psychometric examination high grade. Israel is 43 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_school#Egypt 44 http://www.who.int/hrh/wdms/media/en/Iran.pdf 45 http://www.who.int/hrh/wdms/media/en/Iraq.pdf ! %&!
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F E M I S E R E S E A R C H P R O G
Page 3 and 4:
What Can Be Learnt from the New Eco
Page 5 and 6: AMGA: American Medical Group Associ
Page 7 and 8: USA: United State of America WB: Wo
Page 9 and 10: medical doctors are then free to en
Page 11 and 12: elate to quality research and educa
Page 13 and 14: This may concern also EU countries
Page 15 and 16: discussed both in theory and practi
Page 17 and 18: EU are then described and discussed
Page 19 and 20: specialties. This study shows that
Page 21 and 22: with this trade. Special arrangemen
Page 23 and 24: into the developed countries; where
Page 25 and 26: them as follow: Cross-border delive
Page 27 and 28: In this regard, the EU is suggestin
Page 29 and 30: Given the importance of health care
Page 31 and 32: Serbia. Low wages, poor working con
Page 33 and 34: • How does tertiary education wit
Page 35 and 36: Driouchi & Kadiri (2010) are promis
Page 37 and 38: annual living costs per student. Th
Page 39 and 40: Lithuania 4.12 4.15 4.01 4.03 3.97
Page 41 and 42: Egypt 67.57 68.86 70.17 71.52 72.89
Page 43 and 44: observed externally from developing
Page 45 and 46: Relative Wages : MIN MENA / By comp
Page 47 and 48: No future, Heavy workload, to save
Page 49 and 50: one-year qualification apprenticesh
Page 51 and 52: Other European Countries Austria 4
Page 53 and 54: one medical university and studies
Page 55: includes a three-year vocational tr
Page 59 and 60: général du Gouvernement to gradua
Page 61 and 62: of Medical Science, Bachelor of Med
Page 63 and 64: Egypt Iran 29463 31445 32134 25990
Page 65 and 66: major policies and strategies relat
Page 67 and 68: The aim of this sub-part is to prov
Page 69 and 70: • What is the role of mobility of
Page 71 and 72: Commonwealth of Independent states
Page 73 and 74: Dodani and LaPorte (2005) suggest t
Page 75 and 76: In regards to the mobility of Europ
Page 77 and 78: The general conclusions of these th
Page 79 and 80: Specific factors Impact of HIV/AIDS
Page 81 and 82: Portugal X X Romania X X X Russian
Page 83 and 84: Germany Italy Spain Lithuania Slova
Page 85 and 86: Italy (2%) and Russia (4) in 2008 (
Page 87 and 88: theory assumes perfect transferabil
Page 89 and 90: The data available suggest potentia
Page 91 and 92: This chapter deals with the migrati
Page 93 and 94: networks and on the major channels
Page 95 and 96: assumed here that emigration decisi
Page 97 and 98: Increases (respectively decreases)
Page 99 and 100: Figure II.1.2: The shape of H as a
Page 101 and 102: The optimal emigration rate that ca
Page 103 and 104: Figure II.1.4: Effects of the Level
Page 105 and 106: empirical investigation focuses on
Page 107 and 108:
Table II.1.3.1: Country annual tren
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Table II.1.3.2: Country annual tren
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! ! C/D>)! 01::! 0103! 5881::7! E#%
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"#$%&'!()*)+!Eurostat Database Abou
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Using these parameter estimates, co
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different websites for different co
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the theoretical values of the relat
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p-value 0.33 0.03 t test 0.99 2.25
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The following set of graphs are the
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The countries with higher number of
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Turkey (m*=0.41, m**=0.77) Yemen (m
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periods but should be concerned abo
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health report “Comptes Nationaux
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In accordance with the health insur
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95 adults >15 years old per 100000
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To achieve progress in the health s
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The external problems comprise (1)
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first four hospital universities ex
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monitoring trends and economic fact
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Other support staff 6300 2.11 2004
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areas, the case of doctors who reti
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areas of Morocco. It is computed ye
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political instability, economic dep
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1. Gender VS Intention to Migrate A
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salaries differs according to the w
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Results The results are given below
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These results suggest that the numb
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Finally, the questionnaire records
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The past decades have witnessed an
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changed the notion of space, where
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implications on health, Huynen et a
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Figure III.1.3: Social stratificati
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Lee et al., (2007) primarily focus
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However, Collins (203) does recogni
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America. In Africa, where there are
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physicians from Liberia practice in
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Figure III.1.7: Migrant care worker
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espectively. An interesting particu
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Table III.1.5: Supply of foreign (-
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Table III.1.6: Health care wages in
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Figure II.1.11: Factors affecting h
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Figure III.1.12: Factors contributi
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Table III.1.10: International Quali
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health as integral to wellbeing thr
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III.2.1 Need for A cooperative Fram
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graduate spends of certain number o
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III.2.2 Migration of Medical Doctor
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The convexity condition is simply a
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• A payoff vector (ai)i S is said
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III.2.2.2 Discussion and Public Pol
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Europe. Second, in the North Africa
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In the short run, the country of or
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great incentive for medical student
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system, and therefore to the rest o
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MENA countries could be moving to p
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of their medical school. The other
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Beine, M., Docquier, F. & Rapoport,
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German Medical Association.(2011).
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World Bank Database, 2007. World Ba
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http://gse.buffalo.edu/org/inthighe
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Berland, Y. (2002). Demographie des
Page 229 and 230:
Gericke, C.A. (2006). Finance healt
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Salehi-Isfahani, D., Tunali, I., As
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Beine, M., Docquier, F. & Rapoport,
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Docquier, F., Lohest, O. & Marfouk,
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Labdelaoui, H. (2010). Les dimensio
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Stark, O. (1991), The Migration of
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WHO - World Health Organization (20
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Linacre, S. (2007). “Migration: p
Page 245 and 246:
Challenging Inequities in Health: F
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Mullan, F. (2007). Doctors and Socc
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Vujicic M, Zurn P, Diallo K, Dal Po
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Collins, T. (2003). Globalization,
Page 253 and 254:
Kana, M.A., (2009). From Brain Drai
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Sagoe, K. (2004). Using the Diaspor
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Sub-part II.1: Appendix I Appendice
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means that So if , then: > which is
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A, B,C>0 and , , Then Demo 5: Sign
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t test 3.21788138 1.86856175 3.1713
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Lithuania Years m Relative wage H/H
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Romania Years m Relative wage H/H0
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MENA Countries Risk Neutral Model C
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Tunisia Turkey 1993 0.1781 2.50 1.9
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Syria Tunisia Turkey Yemen Stand.de
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Morocco Syria Tunisia t-stat (theor
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Risk aversion model summary table C
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Table II-2-1.2: Projections of the
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Observations 5 Coefficients Erreur-
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Figure 4: Age distribution within r
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Figure 11: Migration conditions dis
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! ")+!
Page 293 and 294:
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Page 295 and 296:
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Page 297:
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