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Facing migration and the global shortage in medical doctors, many countries have been reacting around the world to put in place global policies that will help promote health care through medical doctors. I.1.1.3 Migration Policies Literature suggests that migration is not a free process since it involves many direct costs, indirect costs, social and legal barriers that migrants are exposed to while settling in the new destination. As migration engages human capital, it is of a great concern to policy makers. High skilled emigration benefits from special attention as it is believed to be bringing gains to the destination country while having important direct and induced negative effects in the country of origin. Beine, Docquier, and Özden (2011) confirm that there is evidence of policy effect on migration; although this effect is larger for unskilled labor and those originating from low income countries, it is still significant for skilled individuals. Bhargava et al. (2001) argue that emigration of medical doctors deserves special attention from policy makers as it involves connections between population’s health and economic growth especially at the level of developing countries. In fact, Bhargava, Docquier and Moullan (2011) argue that the supply of medical doctors in developing countries is highly linked to the improvement of human development indicators. Stark and Fan (2001) found that when developing economies open up to migration of skilled workers, unemployment is exacerbated. Their study demonstrates that government policies with regard to employment affect policies to restrict or open up to skilled labor migration, medical doctors included. The reasons discussed above give strong arguments of the extent to which migration of medical doctors and critical and how it affects development, global heath, and unemployment. Policy makers around the world have raising concerns about this issue and strive to define a health system that alleviates the shortage while taking into consideration medical education as the supply mechanism of physicians. There is a prevalent need for alternative policies. Bourgain et al. (2008) consider that substitution policies are strategies sometimes chosen for curtailing the shortage of health professionals especially caused by the outflow of medical personnel. ! "%!
In this regard, the EU is suggesting the new policy approach of “chosen migration”. As the EU is experiencing a clear economic need for high skilled immigrants, its members are embracing policies to promote job dependent migration (Kahanec and Zimmermann, 2011). In other words, EU members are allowing labor market to select immigrants according to its needs. Those authors argue that the selection is based on skills or education while giving preferences to immigrants with university degree or professional qualifications. On the other hand, those policy projects are still in their infancy phase. In fact, there is still ambiguity about immigration policies and how they are handled between the different members of state. There is a lack of an effective and generalized immigration policy that allows for the alleviation of shortages and the mismatches between supply and demand of emigrants. Therefore, in the case of medical doctors and taking into consideration the fact that shortages and migration seem to be irreversible facts; policymakers have to define an economic model that that will allow for a win-win situation between the parties involved. The model has to capture the different incentives at all levels and get to a kind of balance between developed countries willing to overcome shortages and developing countries seeking human development. Bourgain et al. (2008) consider that substitution policies are strategies sometimes chosen for curtailing the shortage of health professionals especially caused by the outflow of medical personnel. I.1.2 What can be learnt from the New Economics of Migration of Medical Doctors to the European Union: the case of ECE and MENA Economies The ultimate objective of this research is to discuss possible economic policies that account simultaneously for the interests of the European Union (EU), the MENA and ECE economies as destination and source of emigration of medical doctors respectively. This discussion will be based on implications from sound economic models of the “new economics of skilled labor emigration”. These models relate migration to education in the countries of origin among other variables and to the dynamics of labor markets in the destination countries. These models suggest that “brain drain” can be compensated for ! "&!
Page 1 and 2: F E M I S E R E S E A R C H P R O G
Page 3 and 4: What Can Be Learnt from the New Eco
Page 5 and 6: AMGA: American Medical Group Associ
Page 7 and 8: USA: United State of America WB: Wo
Page 9 and 10: medical doctors are then free to en
Page 11 and 12: elate to quality research and educa
Page 13 and 14: This may concern also EU countries
Page 15 and 16: discussed both in theory and practi
Page 17 and 18: EU are then described and discussed
Page 19 and 20: specialties. This study shows that
Page 21 and 22: with this trade. Special arrangemen
Page 23 and 24: into the developed countries; where
Page 25: them as follow: Cross-border delive
Page 29 and 30: Given the importance of health care
Page 31 and 32: Serbia. Low wages, poor working con
Page 33 and 34: • How does tertiary education wit
Page 35 and 36: Driouchi & Kadiri (2010) are promis
Page 37 and 38: annual living costs per student. Th
Page 39 and 40: Lithuania 4.12 4.15 4.01 4.03 3.97
Page 41 and 42: Egypt 67.57 68.86 70.17 71.52 72.89
Page 43 and 44: observed externally from developing
Page 45 and 46: Relative Wages : MIN MENA / By comp
Page 47 and 48: No future, Heavy workload, to save
Page 49 and 50: one-year qualification apprenticesh
Page 51 and 52: Other European Countries Austria 4
Page 53 and 54: one medical university and studies
Page 55 and 56: includes a three-year vocational tr
Page 57 and 58: has 18 medical universities and stu
Page 59 and 60: général du Gouvernement to gradua
Page 61 and 62: of Medical Science, Bachelor of Med
Page 63 and 64: Egypt Iran 29463 31445 32134 25990
Page 65 and 66: major policies and strategies relat
Page 67 and 68: The aim of this sub-part is to prov
Page 69 and 70: • What is the role of mobility of
Page 71 and 72: Commonwealth of Independent states
Page 73 and 74: Dodani and LaPorte (2005) suggest t
Page 75 and 76: In regards to the mobility of Europ
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The general conclusions of these th
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Specific factors Impact of HIV/AIDS
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Portugal X X Romania X X X Russian
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Germany Italy Spain Lithuania Slova
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Italy (2%) and Russia (4) in 2008 (
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theory assumes perfect transferabil
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The data available suggest potentia
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This chapter deals with the migrati
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networks and on the major channels
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assumed here that emigration decisi
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Increases (respectively decreases)
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Figure II.1.2: The shape of H as a
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The optimal emigration rate that ca
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Figure II.1.4: Effects of the Level
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empirical investigation focuses on
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Table II.1.3.1: Country annual tren
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Table II.1.3.2: Country annual tren
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! ! C/D>)! 01::! 0103! 5881::7! E#%
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"#$%&'!()*)+!Eurostat Database Abou
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Using these parameter estimates, co
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different websites for different co
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the theoretical values of the relat
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p-value 0.33 0.03 t test 0.99 2.25
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The following set of graphs are the
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The countries with higher number of
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Turkey (m*=0.41, m**=0.77) Yemen (m
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periods but should be concerned abo
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health report “Comptes Nationaux
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In accordance with the health insur
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95 adults >15 years old per 100000
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To achieve progress in the health s
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The external problems comprise (1)
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first four hospital universities ex
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monitoring trends and economic fact
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Other support staff 6300 2.11 2004
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areas, the case of doctors who reti
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areas of Morocco. It is computed ye
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political instability, economic dep
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1. Gender VS Intention to Migrate A
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salaries differs according to the w
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Results The results are given below
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These results suggest that the numb
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Finally, the questionnaire records
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The past decades have witnessed an
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changed the notion of space, where
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implications on health, Huynen et a
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Figure III.1.3: Social stratificati
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Lee et al., (2007) primarily focus
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However, Collins (203) does recogni
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America. In Africa, where there are
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physicians from Liberia practice in
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Figure III.1.7: Migrant care worker
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espectively. An interesting particu
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Table III.1.5: Supply of foreign (-
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Table III.1.6: Health care wages in
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Figure II.1.11: Factors affecting h
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Figure III.1.12: Factors contributi
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Table III.1.10: International Quali
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health as integral to wellbeing thr
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III.2.1 Need for A cooperative Fram
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graduate spends of certain number o
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III.2.2 Migration of Medical Doctor
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The convexity condition is simply a
Page 203 and 204:
• A payoff vector (ai)i S is said
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III.2.2.2 Discussion and Public Pol
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Europe. Second, in the North Africa
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In the short run, the country of or
Page 211 and 212:
great incentive for medical student
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system, and therefore to the rest o
Page 215 and 216:
MENA countries could be moving to p
Page 217 and 218:
of their medical school. The other
Page 219 and 220:
Beine, M., Docquier, F. & Rapoport,
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German Medical Association.(2011).
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World Bank Database, 2007. World Ba
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http://gse.buffalo.edu/org/inthighe
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Berland, Y. (2002). Demographie des
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Gericke, C.A. (2006). Finance healt
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Salehi-Isfahani, D., Tunali, I., As
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Beine, M., Docquier, F. & Rapoport,
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Docquier, F., Lohest, O. & Marfouk,
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Labdelaoui, H. (2010). Les dimensio
Page 239 and 240:
Stark, O. (1991), The Migration of
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WHO - World Health Organization (20
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Linacre, S. (2007). “Migration: p
Page 245 and 246:
Challenging Inequities in Health: F
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Mullan, F. (2007). Doctors and Socc
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Vujicic M, Zurn P, Diallo K, Dal Po
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Collins, T. (2003). Globalization,
Page 253 and 254:
Kana, M.A., (2009). From Brain Drai
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Sagoe, K. (2004). Using the Diaspor
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Sub-part II.1: Appendix I Appendice
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means that So if , then: > which is
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A, B,C>0 and , , Then Demo 5: Sign
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t test 3.21788138 1.86856175 3.1713
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Lithuania Years m Relative wage H/H
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Romania Years m Relative wage H/H0
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MENA Countries Risk Neutral Model C
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Tunisia Turkey 1993 0.1781 2.50 1.9
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Syria Tunisia Turkey Yemen Stand.de
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Morocco Syria Tunisia t-stat (theor
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Risk aversion model summary table C
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Table II-2-1.2: Projections of the
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Observations 5 Coefficients Erreur-
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Figure 4: Age distribution within r
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Figure 11: Migration conditions dis
Page 287 and 288:
! "(&!
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! "((!
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! ")+!
Page 293 and 294:
! ")"!
Page 295 and 296:
! ")$!
Page 297:
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