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travers cette dernière approche que ce travail est réalisé. Il a été centré essentiellement sur les pays du MENA et ceux de l’Europe de l’Est en relation aux économies de l’Union Européenne. Différentes dimensions liées à la migration des médecins et aux questions de la formation et de recherche en médecine ont été abordées. Les résultats obtenus confirment la possibilité d’accélération de politiques économiques et sociales mais aussi d’éducation et de santé. Le système global de la santé ainsi que les modèles de coopération en vigueur permettent de créer de bonnes conditions pour la mise en œuvre de ces nouvelles politiques. La région de la Méditerranée peut présenter un nouveau modèle de coopération où les partenaires du Nord et du Sud acceptent et s’engagent dans des échanges de médecins. Ceux du Nord seraient incités par l’accumulation d’expériences en matière de participation à l’enseignement et à la recherche médicale, pendant que ceux du Sud peuvent s’engager dans les mêmes types d’activités dans le Nord. Ceci a crée un flux d’échanges de compétences sachant que tout le monde est gagnant. Les coopérations actuelles dans les domaines de santé, éducation et recherches peuvent ainsi être accélérées et renforcées. Ce modèle peut par la suite être repris par d’autres régions du monde et assurer ainsi la globalisation souhaitée par l’OMS, les Nations Unies ainsi que par beaucoup de pays. Le caractère de l’offre des services de santé comme biens publics internationaux est ainsi en mesure d’être assurée à travers ce modèle où tous les partenaires sont gagants, médecins inclus. Les résultats obtenus dans le présent rapport sont en cohérence avec les nouvelles modalités de gouvernance de la santé telles que suggérées dans le nouveau rapport de l’OMS: La « Gouvernance pour la santé au 21è siècle: Etude pour le Bureau de l’OMS-Europe » (2011). Parmi les piliers, il ya lieu de noter la participation de tous, plus d’inclusion des nouvelles technologies ainsi que l’intégration de tous les secteurs, preneurs de décision et aussi les représentations des patients. Le modèle de collaboration ainsi suggéré a été aussi testé par rapport aux perspectives et aux tendances du secteur de la santé au Maroc. Tous les éléments discutés à ce niveau, semblent présenter une cohérence satisfaisante y compris avec les points de vue des médecins opérant dans différents hopitaux au Maroc. Part I: Introduction and Description of Migration of Medical Doctors from MENA & ECE countries to the EU This first part is composed of three sub-parts devoted to show first the rationale, the objectives and the research dimensions pursued. The current and prospective situations in ECE and MENA countries as they related to medical doctors and their movements to the ! *%!
EU are then described and discussed. Finally, the socio-economic and legal environments in the EU are introduced to show the levels of potential for immigration and the constraints related to the mobility of medical doctors from ECE and MENA. I.1 Introduction to the Research This is to introduce the main components of the overall study focusing on “What can be learnt from the new economics of the migration of medical doctors”. The major directions expected focus on the new economic and social policies related to migration, employment and education besides country and global policies. These are discussed in relation to the outcomes of the new economics of skilled labor migration. The objective pursued in this sub-part is to show how new economic policies are needed to support current and future health demand and requirements. While the literature on brain-drain has had pessimistic policy outcomes, the relatively new literature on brain- gain and brain-drain suggests new avenues for further and promsing policies. The global health systems as well as the specificities of health care require promising collaborative and mutual views between migrant receiving and sending countries. Before introducing the key components of the proposal that is shown in I.1.2, the coverage of the situation prevailing around the world appears to constitute an important step. This is addressing the worldwide situation of shortage of medical doctors with its links to migration, policies and medical education. This latter contributes to the enhancement of the supply of physicians but might also be a source of emigration. I.1.1 Shortage of Medical Doctors, Migration, Education & Global Health Systems The above issues are discussed in this part with first, the introduction of shortage of medical doctors. This is followed by a focus on migration and then by the on-going related policies. Such components are likely to allow for an overall understanding of the links between shortage, migration and education besides the overall policies governing education, migration and health. I.1.1.1 Shortage of medical doctors ! *&!
Page 1 and 2: F E M I S E R E S E A R C H P R O G
Page 3 and 4: What Can Be Learnt from the New Eco
Page 5 and 6: AMGA: American Medical Group Associ
Page 7 and 8: USA: United State of America WB: Wo
Page 9 and 10: medical doctors are then free to en
Page 11 and 12: elate to quality research and educa
Page 13 and 14: This may concern also EU countries
Page 15: discussed both in theory and practi
Page 19 and 20: specialties. This study shows that
Page 21 and 22: with this trade. Special arrangemen
Page 23 and 24: into the developed countries; where
Page 25 and 26: them as follow: Cross-border delive
Page 27 and 28: In this regard, the EU is suggestin
Page 29 and 30: Given the importance of health care
Page 31 and 32: Serbia. Low wages, poor working con
Page 33 and 34: • How does tertiary education wit
Page 35 and 36: Driouchi & Kadiri (2010) are promis
Page 37 and 38: annual living costs per student. Th
Page 39 and 40: Lithuania 4.12 4.15 4.01 4.03 3.97
Page 41 and 42: Egypt 67.57 68.86 70.17 71.52 72.89
Page 43 and 44: observed externally from developing
Page 45 and 46: Relative Wages : MIN MENA / By comp
Page 47 and 48: No future, Heavy workload, to save
Page 49 and 50: one-year qualification apprenticesh
Page 51 and 52: Other European Countries Austria 4
Page 53 and 54: one medical university and studies
Page 55 and 56: includes a three-year vocational tr
Page 57 and 58: has 18 medical universities and stu
Page 59 and 60: général du Gouvernement to gradua
Page 61 and 62: of Medical Science, Bachelor of Med
Page 63 and 64: Egypt Iran 29463 31445 32134 25990
Page 65 and 66: major policies and strategies relat
Page 67 and 68:
The aim of this sub-part is to prov
Page 69 and 70:
• What is the role of mobility of
Page 71 and 72:
Commonwealth of Independent states
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Dodani and LaPorte (2005) suggest t
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In regards to the mobility of Europ
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The general conclusions of these th
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Specific factors Impact of HIV/AIDS
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Portugal X X Romania X X X Russian
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Germany Italy Spain Lithuania Slova
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Italy (2%) and Russia (4) in 2008 (
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theory assumes perfect transferabil
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The data available suggest potentia
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This chapter deals with the migrati
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networks and on the major channels
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assumed here that emigration decisi
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Increases (respectively decreases)
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Figure II.1.2: The shape of H as a
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The optimal emigration rate that ca
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Figure II.1.4: Effects of the Level
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empirical investigation focuses on
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Table II.1.3.1: Country annual tren
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Table II.1.3.2: Country annual tren
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! ! C/D>)! 01::! 0103! 5881::7! E#%
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"#$%&'!()*)+!Eurostat Database Abou
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Using these parameter estimates, co
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different websites for different co
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the theoretical values of the relat
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p-value 0.33 0.03 t test 0.99 2.25
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The following set of graphs are the
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The countries with higher number of
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Turkey (m*=0.41, m**=0.77) Yemen (m
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periods but should be concerned abo
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health report “Comptes Nationaux
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In accordance with the health insur
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95 adults >15 years old per 100000
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To achieve progress in the health s
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The external problems comprise (1)
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first four hospital universities ex
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monitoring trends and economic fact
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Other support staff 6300 2.11 2004
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areas, the case of doctors who reti
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areas of Morocco. It is computed ye
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political instability, economic dep
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1. Gender VS Intention to Migrate A
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salaries differs according to the w
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Results The results are given below
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These results suggest that the numb
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Finally, the questionnaire records
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The past decades have witnessed an
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changed the notion of space, where
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implications on health, Huynen et a
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Figure III.1.3: Social stratificati
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Lee et al., (2007) primarily focus
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However, Collins (203) does recogni
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America. In Africa, where there are
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physicians from Liberia practice in
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Figure III.1.7: Migrant care worker
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espectively. An interesting particu
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Table III.1.5: Supply of foreign (-
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Table III.1.6: Health care wages in
Page 187 and 188:
Figure II.1.11: Factors affecting h
Page 189 and 190:
Figure III.1.12: Factors contributi
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Table III.1.10: International Quali
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health as integral to wellbeing thr
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III.2.1 Need for A cooperative Fram
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graduate spends of certain number o
Page 199 and 200:
III.2.2 Migration of Medical Doctor
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The convexity condition is simply a
Page 203 and 204:
• A payoff vector (ai)i S is said
Page 205 and 206:
III.2.2.2 Discussion and Public Pol
Page 207 and 208:
Europe. Second, in the North Africa
Page 209 and 210:
In the short run, the country of or
Page 211 and 212:
great incentive for medical student
Page 213 and 214:
system, and therefore to the rest o
Page 215 and 216:
MENA countries could be moving to p
Page 217 and 218:
of their medical school. The other
Page 219 and 220:
Beine, M., Docquier, F. & Rapoport,
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German Medical Association.(2011).
Page 223 and 224:
World Bank Database, 2007. World Ba
Page 225 and 226:
http://gse.buffalo.edu/org/inthighe
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Berland, Y. (2002). Demographie des
Page 229 and 230:
Gericke, C.A. (2006). Finance healt
Page 231 and 232:
Salehi-Isfahani, D., Tunali, I., As
Page 233 and 234:
Beine, M., Docquier, F. & Rapoport,
Page 235 and 236:
Docquier, F., Lohest, O. & Marfouk,
Page 237 and 238:
Labdelaoui, H. (2010). Les dimensio
Page 239 and 240:
Stark, O. (1991), The Migration of
Page 241 and 242:
WHO - World Health Organization (20
Page 243 and 244:
Linacre, S. (2007). “Migration: p
Page 245 and 246:
Challenging Inequities in Health: F
Page 247 and 248:
Mullan, F. (2007). Doctors and Socc
Page 249 and 250:
Vujicic M, Zurn P, Diallo K, Dal Po
Page 251 and 252:
Collins, T. (2003). Globalization,
Page 253 and 254:
Kana, M.A., (2009). From Brain Drai
Page 255 and 256:
Sagoe, K. (2004). Using the Diaspor
Page 257 and 258:
Sub-part II.1: Appendix I Appendice
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means that So if , then: > which is
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A, B,C>0 and , , Then Demo 5: Sign
Page 263 and 264:
t test 3.21788138 1.86856175 3.1713
Page 265 and 266:
Lithuania Years m Relative wage H/H
Page 267 and 268:
Romania Years m Relative wage H/H0
Page 269 and 270:
MENA Countries Risk Neutral Model C
Page 271 and 272:
Tunisia Turkey 1993 0.1781 2.50 1.9
Page 273 and 274:
Syria Tunisia Turkey Yemen Stand.de
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Morocco Syria Tunisia t-stat (theor
Page 277 and 278:
Risk aversion model summary table C
Page 279 and 280:
Table II-2-1.2: Projections of the
Page 281 and 282:
Observations 5 Coefficients Erreur-
Page 283 and 284:
Figure 4: Age distribution within r
Page 285 and 286:
Figure 11: Migration conditions dis
Page 287 and 288:
! "(&!
Page 289 and 290:
! "((!
Page 291 and 292:
! ")+!
Page 293 and 294:
! ")"!
Page 295 and 296:
! ")$!
Page 297:
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