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Ireland 8167 8444 8424 9165 9432 9586 9586 Italy 236111 339946 346640 349977 253837 253644 253644 Luxembourg 1024 1085 1095 1119 1153 1165 1165 Netherlands 45524 48963 50941 52788 50046 50288 50288 Norway 11966 14694 15242 16047 16136 16221 16221 Portugal 31400 32325 33197 32947 33178 33421 33421 Spain 115574 120192 129493 122202 118660 119194 119194 Sweden 24785 25431 27017 27094 27185 27282 27282 Switzerland 23463 23919 25242 25309 26244 26460 26460 United Kingdom 111331 117465 117760 118100 124381 124591 124591 MENA Algeria 29507 29950 30385 30835 31320 31833 31833 Egypt 110844 125540 135491 138034 140564 143079 143079 Iran 64893 65822 66796 67702 68764 69658 69658 Iraq 12280 12538 12773 12858 13125 13410 13410 Israel 22542 23976 23688 25178 25675 26152 26152 Jordan 8275 9480 9774 10312 10600 10880 10880 Lebanon 10526 11959 12984 14261 14445 14628 14628 Libya 6499 6626 6756 6890 7028 7171 7171 Morocco 12777 12989 13204 14093 14320 14548 14548 Syria 22179 20530 21855 23209 23780 24338 24338 Tunisia 6533 6619 6694 6772 6847 6927 6927 Turkey 78188 80817 84044 85040 90514 91926 91926 Yemen 3308 3403 3501 3946 4067 4192 4192 Other MENA Bahrain 772 853 1005 1091 1114 1136 1136 Kuwait 3446 3582 3504 3470 3561 3655 3655 Oman 3062 3123 3205 3296 3189 3266 3266 Qatar 710 848 1170 1323 1352 1381 1381 Saudi Arabia 29528 30297 29012 29739 30578 31476 31476 United Arab Emirates 5385 6066 6494 7058 7597 8177 8177 Source: Docquier & Bhagrava (2006). The Medical Brain Drain Database I.2.3 Relative Wages of Medical Doctors across Countries Many developing countries suffer from shortages in health care personnel. This is largely responsible for the quality of and the effective access to health care. Concerning medical doctors, the trends related to their migration are described as both internal and external to the medical practice in the country. The basic risk is to loose the personnel motivation especially physicians who are important components of the patients-health systems relationship. The internal movement of physicians takes place from rural and underdeveloped regions to urban and developed regions of a specific country. It is also ! $*!
observed externally from developing to developed countries or between continents. Movements between developed economies are also observed. Tefera (2008) found that the internal migration in Ethiopia, meaning from the public to the private health care sector, is due to low salaries, lack of medicine and drugs, poor quality of management and lack of professional resources. The author found that the causes of emigration outside Ethiopia are again low salaries and poor quality of management, in addition to lack of incentives, de-motivation by health care infrastructure, facilities and resources, low quality of life and political unrest. The most attracting factors for Ethiopian physicians to move externally were found to be the quality of education, better opportunities, superior health facilities, infrastructure and resources, better life quality and political stability (Tefera, 2008). Thus, the most important cause of emigration of medical doctors is clearly to get better wages (WHO, 2006). For this reason, a comparison between sending and receiving countries wages can help establish the weight of this factor through relative wages. Table I.2.3.1: Minimum and maximum relative wages (from MENA to OECD) Relative Wages: MIN Other EU/ MENA Algeria Egypt Jordan Morocco Tunisia Turkey Yemen Austria 0.04 0.01 0.18 0.14 0.18 0.45 0.02 Denmark 0.01 0.00 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.11 0.00 Finland 0.03 0.01 0.13 0.10 0.13 0.33 0.02 France 0.04 0.01 0.19 0.15 0.19 0.48 0.02 Germany 0.03 0.01 0.13 0.10 0.13 0.31 0.01 Italy 0.03 0.01 0.13 0.10 0.13 0.33 0.02 Luxembourg 0.02 0.01 0.12 0.09 0.12 0.29 0.01 Norway 0.02 0.00 0.07 0.06 0.07 0.18 0.01 Portugal 0.07 0.02 0.31 0.24 0.31 0.77 0.04 United Kingdom 0.02 0.01 0.11 0.08 0.11 0.26 0.01 Relative Wages: MAX Other EU/ MENA Algeria Egypt Jordan Morocco Tunisia Turkey Yemen Austria 0.09 0.02 0.26 0.25 0.20 0.45 0.02 Denmark 0.02 0.00 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.10 0.00 Finland 0.05 0.01 0.15 0.14 0.11 0.25 0.01 France 0.05 0.01 0.14 0.14 0.11 0.25 0.01 Germany 0.03 0.01 0.09 0.09 0.07 0.16 0.01 Italy 0.06 0.01 0.16 0.16 0.13 0.29 0.01 Luxembourg 0.06 0.01 0.16 0.16 0.13 0.29 0.01 Norway 0.04 0.01 0.10 0.10 0.08 0.18 0.01 Portugal 0.11 0.02 0.30 0.30 0.23 0.53 0.02 United Kingdom 0.05 0.01 0.14 0.14 0.11 0.25 0.01 ! $"!
Page 1 and 2: F E M I S E R E S E A R C H P R O G
Page 3 and 4: What Can Be Learnt from the New Eco
Page 5 and 6: AMGA: American Medical Group Associ
Page 7 and 8: USA: United State of America WB: Wo
Page 9 and 10: medical doctors are then free to en
Page 11 and 12: elate to quality research and educa
Page 13 and 14: This may concern also EU countries
Page 15 and 16: discussed both in theory and practi
Page 17 and 18: EU are then described and discussed
Page 19 and 20: specialties. This study shows that
Page 21 and 22: with this trade. Special arrangemen
Page 23 and 24: into the developed countries; where
Page 25 and 26: them as follow: Cross-border delive
Page 27 and 28: In this regard, the EU is suggestin
Page 29 and 30: Given the importance of health care
Page 31 and 32: Serbia. Low wages, poor working con
Page 33 and 34: • How does tertiary education wit
Page 35 and 36: Driouchi & Kadiri (2010) are promis
Page 37 and 38: annual living costs per student. Th
Page 39 and 40: Lithuania 4.12 4.15 4.01 4.03 3.97
Page 41: Egypt 67.57 68.86 70.17 71.52 72.89
Page 45 and 46: Relative Wages : MIN MENA / By comp
Page 47 and 48: No future, Heavy workload, to save
Page 49 and 50: one-year qualification apprenticesh
Page 51 and 52: Other European Countries Austria 4
Page 53 and 54: one medical university and studies
Page 55 and 56: includes a three-year vocational tr
Page 57 and 58: has 18 medical universities and stu
Page 59 and 60: général du Gouvernement to gradua
Page 61 and 62: of Medical Science, Bachelor of Med
Page 63 and 64: Egypt Iran 29463 31445 32134 25990
Page 65 and 66: major policies and strategies relat
Page 67 and 68: The aim of this sub-part is to prov
Page 69 and 70: • What is the role of mobility of
Page 71 and 72: Commonwealth of Independent states
Page 73 and 74: Dodani and LaPorte (2005) suggest t
Page 75 and 76: In regards to the mobility of Europ
Page 77 and 78: The general conclusions of these th
Page 79 and 80: Specific factors Impact of HIV/AIDS
Page 81 and 82: Portugal X X Romania X X X Russian
Page 83 and 84: Germany Italy Spain Lithuania Slova
Page 85 and 86: Italy (2%) and Russia (4) in 2008 (
Page 87 and 88: theory assumes perfect transferabil
Page 89 and 90: The data available suggest potentia
Page 91 and 92: This chapter deals with the migrati
Page 93 and 94:
networks and on the major channels
Page 95 and 96:
assumed here that emigration decisi
Page 97 and 98:
Increases (respectively decreases)
Page 99 and 100:
Figure II.1.2: The shape of H as a
Page 101 and 102:
The optimal emigration rate that ca
Page 103 and 104:
Figure II.1.4: Effects of the Level
Page 105 and 106:
empirical investigation focuses on
Page 107 and 108:
Table II.1.3.1: Country annual tren
Page 109 and 110:
Table II.1.3.2: Country annual tren
Page 111 and 112:
! ! C/D>)! 01::! 0103! 5881::7! E#%
Page 113 and 114:
"#$%&'!()*)+!Eurostat Database Abou
Page 115 and 116:
Using these parameter estimates, co
Page 117 and 118:
different websites for different co
Page 119 and 120:
the theoretical values of the relat
Page 121 and 122:
p-value 0.33 0.03 t test 0.99 2.25
Page 123 and 124:
The following set of graphs are the
Page 125 and 126:
The countries with higher number of
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Turkey (m*=0.41, m**=0.77) Yemen (m
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periods but should be concerned abo
Page 131 and 132:
health report “Comptes Nationaux
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In accordance with the health insur
Page 135 and 136:
95 adults >15 years old per 100000
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To achieve progress in the health s
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The external problems comprise (1)
Page 141 and 142:
first four hospital universities ex
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monitoring trends and economic fact
Page 145 and 146:
Other support staff 6300 2.11 2004
Page 147 and 148:
areas, the case of doctors who reti
Page 149 and 150:
areas of Morocco. It is computed ye
Page 151 and 152:
political instability, economic dep
Page 153 and 154:
1. Gender VS Intention to Migrate A
Page 155 and 156:
salaries differs according to the w
Page 157 and 158:
Results The results are given below
Page 159 and 160:
These results suggest that the numb
Page 161 and 162:
Finally, the questionnaire records
Page 163 and 164:
The past decades have witnessed an
Page 165 and 166:
changed the notion of space, where
Page 167 and 168:
implications on health, Huynen et a
Page 169 and 170:
Figure III.1.3: Social stratificati
Page 171 and 172:
Lee et al., (2007) primarily focus
Page 173 and 174:
However, Collins (203) does recogni
Page 175 and 176:
America. In Africa, where there are
Page 177 and 178:
physicians from Liberia practice in
Page 179 and 180:
Figure III.1.7: Migrant care worker
Page 181 and 182:
espectively. An interesting particu
Page 183 and 184:
Table III.1.5: Supply of foreign (-
Page 185 and 186:
Table III.1.6: Health care wages in
Page 187 and 188:
Figure II.1.11: Factors affecting h
Page 189 and 190:
Figure III.1.12: Factors contributi
Page 191 and 192:
Table III.1.10: International Quali
Page 193 and 194:
health as integral to wellbeing thr
Page 195 and 196:
III.2.1 Need for A cooperative Fram
Page 197 and 198:
graduate spends of certain number o
Page 199 and 200:
III.2.2 Migration of Medical Doctor
Page 201 and 202:
The convexity condition is simply a
Page 203 and 204:
• A payoff vector (ai)i S is said
Page 205 and 206:
III.2.2.2 Discussion and Public Pol
Page 207 and 208:
Europe. Second, in the North Africa
Page 209 and 210:
In the short run, the country of or
Page 211 and 212:
great incentive for medical student
Page 213 and 214:
system, and therefore to the rest o
Page 215 and 216:
MENA countries could be moving to p
Page 217 and 218:
of their medical school. The other
Page 219 and 220:
Beine, M., Docquier, F. & Rapoport,
Page 221 and 222:
German Medical Association.(2011).
Page 223 and 224:
World Bank Database, 2007. World Ba
Page 225 and 226:
http://gse.buffalo.edu/org/inthighe
Page 227 and 228:
Berland, Y. (2002). Demographie des
Page 229 and 230:
Gericke, C.A. (2006). Finance healt
Page 231 and 232:
Salehi-Isfahani, D., Tunali, I., As
Page 233 and 234:
Beine, M., Docquier, F. & Rapoport,
Page 235 and 236:
Docquier, F., Lohest, O. & Marfouk,
Page 237 and 238:
Labdelaoui, H. (2010). Les dimensio
Page 239 and 240:
Stark, O. (1991), The Migration of
Page 241 and 242:
WHO - World Health Organization (20
Page 243 and 244:
Linacre, S. (2007). “Migration: p
Page 245 and 246:
Challenging Inequities in Health: F
Page 247 and 248:
Mullan, F. (2007). Doctors and Socc
Page 249 and 250:
Vujicic M, Zurn P, Diallo K, Dal Po
Page 251 and 252:
Collins, T. (2003). Globalization,
Page 253 and 254:
Kana, M.A., (2009). From Brain Drai
Page 255 and 256:
Sagoe, K. (2004). Using the Diaspor
Page 257 and 258:
Sub-part II.1: Appendix I Appendice
Page 259 and 260:
means that So if , then: > which is
Page 261 and 262:
A, B,C>0 and , , Then Demo 5: Sign
Page 263 and 264:
t test 3.21788138 1.86856175 3.1713
Page 265 and 266:
Lithuania Years m Relative wage H/H
Page 267 and 268:
Romania Years m Relative wage H/H0
Page 269 and 270:
MENA Countries Risk Neutral Model C
Page 271 and 272:
Tunisia Turkey 1993 0.1781 2.50 1.9
Page 273 and 274:
Syria Tunisia Turkey Yemen Stand.de
Page 275 and 276:
Morocco Syria Tunisia t-stat (theor
Page 277 and 278:
Risk aversion model summary table C
Page 279 and 280:
Table II-2-1.2: Projections of the
Page 281 and 282:
Observations 5 Coefficients Erreur-
Page 283 and 284:
Figure 4: Age distribution within r
Page 285 and 286:
Figure 11: Migration conditions dis
Page 287 and 288:
! "(&!
Page 289 and 290:
! "((!
Page 291 and 292:
! ")+!
Page 293 and 294:
! ")"!
Page 295 and 296:
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Page 297:
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