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that take place locally and at the aggregate levels. Medical education is among the sources that are assumed to help cover these needs. But, risks related to emigration are likely to be limiting the realizations of these plans. At the same time, compensations of the eventual losses from emigration cannot prevail unless possibilities of attraction of immigrant medical doctors are embedded in the staffing plans, both at the public and private health sectors. This attraction can take place in developed countries and also under some co-operation and bilateral arrangements in some developing economies. Richer developing countries can proceed to covering their shortages through open, cooperative and direct hiring of medical doctors. But, most developing countries may not be capable of offering the latter options. For these countries, emigration of medical doctors is synonymous to real shortages as increasing population health needs is not covered under a decrease of health staffing. Further shortages in medical doctors can be observed in these economies placing thus, more risks on the health of their populations. The above descriptions and trends are supported through aggregate information about world shortages and density of medical doctors. The available data indicate that the shortage of medical doctors is present all over the world, but is critical in most developing countries and poorer regions such as in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. It is also highly expected to be occurring in countries such as Morocco, Indonesia, Costa Rica, and Peru. Available data show overall high numbers of inhabitants per doctor. This is larger in some developing parts of the world. In sub-Saharan Africa, it can attain 50,000 inhabitans for one doctor. Besides the above, shortage of medical doctors is more sensitive at the individual and aggregate levels as it affects human lives in comparison with deficits in other services that can either be compensated for, or have limited short run effects. This can be the case deficits in engineers and in teachers and faculty members but shortages in medical doctors are more critical to any economy. The emigration of medical doctors is consequently more critical than that affecting other types of skills. While the development in international trade in services is promising as it can provide solutions to local and national deficits as it can cover series of domains that need expertise and access to skilled labor, the area of medical doctors can be hardly concerned ! *)!
with this trade. Special arrangements and requirements are needed in this area even with the development of advanced technologies. The shortages of medical doctors are certainly among the causes of mobility of health workforce and especially of medical doctors as there are countries that can offer better incentives and thus better conditions to reduce their deficits. I.1.1.2 Migration of medical doctors Migration of highly skilled labor is an area of interest to policy makers all over the world. Historical records show that this phenomenon represents the concern of many countries and is subject to different interpretations, disputes and expressions of fear (Bhorat et al., 2002). International migration among skilled workers shows a trend of noticeable growth in last decades: globalization, economic growth and the explosive growth in information and communication technologies are some of the reasons suggested by Bhorat et al. (2002). In addition, data from OECD (Organization For Economic Co-operation and Development) countries indicate that the medical doctors initially trained abroad make up a significant percentage of the medical core in these most of them: 21% in Australia, 23% in Canada and 9% in Finland as shown in Kumar and Simi (2007). Data from the 2009 Human Development Report (HDR) illustrate international migrants’ movements (UNDP, 2009). The figures show important intra-regional movements within Europe, Asia and Africa; whereas this movement is less important is the Americas and Australia. They also highlight important migrants outflow from countries with medium to low human development index toward countries exhibiting high human development index. Incentives to immigrate differ from an individual to another. Some immigrate looking for better financial conditions; others seek higher standards of living, better education (visa and immigration services, 2011). These can be grouped into push and pull factors between the origin country and the country of destination. However, in the case of highly skilled labor, the salary gains are noticeable. Data from the HDR 2009 show the gaps in average professional salaries for selected country pairs for different specialties, namely engineers, physicians, nurses and professors. Physical doctors earn over 100 thousands US dollars in Canada per year compared to about 10 thousands per year in Zambia. ! "+!
Page 1 and 2: F E M I S E R E S E A R C H P R O G
Page 3 and 4: What Can Be Learnt from the New Eco
Page 5 and 6: AMGA: American Medical Group Associ
Page 7 and 8: USA: United State of America WB: Wo
Page 9 and 10: medical doctors are then free to en
Page 11 and 12: elate to quality research and educa
Page 13 and 14: This may concern also EU countries
Page 15 and 16: discussed both in theory and practi
Page 17 and 18: EU are then described and discussed
Page 19: specialties. This study shows that
Page 23 and 24: into the developed countries; where
Page 25 and 26: them as follow: Cross-border delive
Page 27 and 28: In this regard, the EU is suggestin
Page 29 and 30: Given the importance of health care
Page 31 and 32: Serbia. Low wages, poor working con
Page 33 and 34: • How does tertiary education wit
Page 35 and 36: Driouchi & Kadiri (2010) are promis
Page 37 and 38: annual living costs per student. Th
Page 39 and 40: Lithuania 4.12 4.15 4.01 4.03 3.97
Page 41 and 42: Egypt 67.57 68.86 70.17 71.52 72.89
Page 43 and 44: observed externally from developing
Page 45 and 46: Relative Wages : MIN MENA / By comp
Page 47 and 48: No future, Heavy workload, to save
Page 49 and 50: one-year qualification apprenticesh
Page 51 and 52: Other European Countries Austria 4
Page 53 and 54: one medical university and studies
Page 55 and 56: includes a three-year vocational tr
Page 57 and 58: has 18 medical universities and stu
Page 59 and 60: général du Gouvernement to gradua
Page 61 and 62: of Medical Science, Bachelor of Med
Page 63 and 64: Egypt Iran 29463 31445 32134 25990
Page 65 and 66: major policies and strategies relat
Page 67 and 68: The aim of this sub-part is to prov
Page 69 and 70: • What is the role of mobility of
Page 71 and 72:
Commonwealth of Independent states
Page 73 and 74:
Dodani and LaPorte (2005) suggest t
Page 75 and 76:
In regards to the mobility of Europ
Page 77 and 78:
The general conclusions of these th
Page 79 and 80:
Specific factors Impact of HIV/AIDS
Page 81 and 82:
Portugal X X Romania X X X Russian
Page 83 and 84:
Germany Italy Spain Lithuania Slova
Page 85 and 86:
Italy (2%) and Russia (4) in 2008 (
Page 87 and 88:
theory assumes perfect transferabil
Page 89 and 90:
The data available suggest potentia
Page 91 and 92:
This chapter deals with the migrati
Page 93 and 94:
networks and on the major channels
Page 95 and 96:
assumed here that emigration decisi
Page 97 and 98:
Increases (respectively decreases)
Page 99 and 100:
Figure II.1.2: The shape of H as a
Page 101 and 102:
The optimal emigration rate that ca
Page 103 and 104:
Figure II.1.4: Effects of the Level
Page 105 and 106:
empirical investigation focuses on
Page 107 and 108:
Table II.1.3.1: Country annual tren
Page 109 and 110:
Table II.1.3.2: Country annual tren
Page 111 and 112:
! ! C/D>)! 01::! 0103! 5881::7! E#%
Page 113 and 114:
"#$%&'!()*)+!Eurostat Database Abou
Page 115 and 116:
Using these parameter estimates, co
Page 117 and 118:
different websites for different co
Page 119 and 120:
the theoretical values of the relat
Page 121 and 122:
p-value 0.33 0.03 t test 0.99 2.25
Page 123 and 124:
The following set of graphs are the
Page 125 and 126:
The countries with higher number of
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Turkey (m*=0.41, m**=0.77) Yemen (m
Page 129 and 130:
periods but should be concerned abo
Page 131 and 132:
health report “Comptes Nationaux
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In accordance with the health insur
Page 135 and 136:
95 adults >15 years old per 100000
Page 137 and 138:
To achieve progress in the health s
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The external problems comprise (1)
Page 141 and 142:
first four hospital universities ex
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monitoring trends and economic fact
Page 145 and 146:
Other support staff 6300 2.11 2004
Page 147 and 148:
areas, the case of doctors who reti
Page 149 and 150:
areas of Morocco. It is computed ye
Page 151 and 152:
political instability, economic dep
Page 153 and 154:
1. Gender VS Intention to Migrate A
Page 155 and 156:
salaries differs according to the w
Page 157 and 158:
Results The results are given below
Page 159 and 160:
These results suggest that the numb
Page 161 and 162:
Finally, the questionnaire records
Page 163 and 164:
The past decades have witnessed an
Page 165 and 166:
changed the notion of space, where
Page 167 and 168:
implications on health, Huynen et a
Page 169 and 170:
Figure III.1.3: Social stratificati
Page 171 and 172:
Lee et al., (2007) primarily focus
Page 173 and 174:
However, Collins (203) does recogni
Page 175 and 176:
America. In Africa, where there are
Page 177 and 178:
physicians from Liberia practice in
Page 179 and 180:
Figure III.1.7: Migrant care worker
Page 181 and 182:
espectively. An interesting particu
Page 183 and 184:
Table III.1.5: Supply of foreign (-
Page 185 and 186:
Table III.1.6: Health care wages in
Page 187 and 188:
Figure II.1.11: Factors affecting h
Page 189 and 190:
Figure III.1.12: Factors contributi
Page 191 and 192:
Table III.1.10: International Quali
Page 193 and 194:
health as integral to wellbeing thr
Page 195 and 196:
III.2.1 Need for A cooperative Fram
Page 197 and 198:
graduate spends of certain number o
Page 199 and 200:
III.2.2 Migration of Medical Doctor
Page 201 and 202:
The convexity condition is simply a
Page 203 and 204:
• A payoff vector (ai)i S is said
Page 205 and 206:
III.2.2.2 Discussion and Public Pol
Page 207 and 208:
Europe. Second, in the North Africa
Page 209 and 210:
In the short run, the country of or
Page 211 and 212:
great incentive for medical student
Page 213 and 214:
system, and therefore to the rest o
Page 215 and 216:
MENA countries could be moving to p
Page 217 and 218:
of their medical school. The other
Page 219 and 220:
Beine, M., Docquier, F. & Rapoport,
Page 221 and 222:
German Medical Association.(2011).
Page 223 and 224:
World Bank Database, 2007. World Ba
Page 225 and 226:
http://gse.buffalo.edu/org/inthighe
Page 227 and 228:
Berland, Y. (2002). Demographie des
Page 229 and 230:
Gericke, C.A. (2006). Finance healt
Page 231 and 232:
Salehi-Isfahani, D., Tunali, I., As
Page 233 and 234:
Beine, M., Docquier, F. & Rapoport,
Page 235 and 236:
Docquier, F., Lohest, O. & Marfouk,
Page 237 and 238:
Labdelaoui, H. (2010). Les dimensio
Page 239 and 240:
Stark, O. (1991), The Migration of
Page 241 and 242:
WHO - World Health Organization (20
Page 243 and 244:
Linacre, S. (2007). “Migration: p
Page 245 and 246:
Challenging Inequities in Health: F
Page 247 and 248:
Mullan, F. (2007). Doctors and Socc
Page 249 and 250:
Vujicic M, Zurn P, Diallo K, Dal Po
Page 251 and 252:
Collins, T. (2003). Globalization,
Page 253 and 254:
Kana, M.A., (2009). From Brain Drai
Page 255 and 256:
Sagoe, K. (2004). Using the Diaspor
Page 257 and 258:
Sub-part II.1: Appendix I Appendice
Page 259 and 260:
means that So if , then: > which is
Page 261 and 262:
A, B,C>0 and , , Then Demo 5: Sign
Page 263 and 264:
t test 3.21788138 1.86856175 3.1713
Page 265 and 266:
Lithuania Years m Relative wage H/H
Page 267 and 268:
Romania Years m Relative wage H/H0
Page 269 and 270:
MENA Countries Risk Neutral Model C
Page 271 and 272:
Tunisia Turkey 1993 0.1781 2.50 1.9
Page 273 and 274:
Syria Tunisia Turkey Yemen Stand.de
Page 275 and 276:
Morocco Syria Tunisia t-stat (theor
Page 277 and 278:
Risk aversion model summary table C
Page 279 and 280:
Table II-2-1.2: Projections of the
Page 281 and 282:
Observations 5 Coefficients Erreur-
Page 283 and 284:
Figure 4: Age distribution within r
Page 285 and 286:
Figure 11: Migration conditions dis
Page 287 and 288:
! "(&!
Page 289 and 290:
! "((!
Page 291 and 292:
! ")+!
Page 293 and 294:
! ")"!
Page 295 and 296:
! ")$!
Page 297:
! ")&!
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