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I.2.5 Characterization of Graduation from Medical Schools There are other variables that can be used to define the trends influencing the number of physicians per 1000 people. They include GDP per capita, retirement rates, income growth, number of graduates from health education and other factors. The number of graduates in health (1000s) includes all human resources for health and is taken from the World data bank (WB) as shown in Table I.2.5.1. Table I.2.5.1: Number of graduates in health (1998-2009) Country 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Eastern European Countries Belarus 6871 7568 6777 4501 4744 4652 Bulgaria 5695 3966 3561 3551 3096 2886 3032 0 2814 3698 Czech Republic 5625 6709 6660 6305 6451 5729 5996 8587 8063 7958 Estonia 406 596 821 906 1315 1358 1279 1339 1378 1154 Hungary 3289 4330 4519 5219 5085 4738 5653 6151 0 6493 Latvia 835 774 446 633 792 926 1254 1375 1542 1917 Lithuania 2102 2774 2764 3064 3851 4265 4183 3896 4226 4387 Poland 8199 8675 8760 11261 35679 39457 43818 47654 Romania 5910 5229 5474 5656 17531 17770 16810 24512 22526 Russia 101588 108070 108088 120580 Slovakia 3421 3098 3622 4144 4302 5100 5065 6873 8767 11135 Slovenia 1015 1283 1416 1432 1357 1723 1703 1312 1335 Ukraine 33118 32128 32985 34038 34746 35707 36731 38189 39671 Other EU Countries Austria 2399 2811 3218 3148 3335 3503 4868 Belgium 13880 14510 15123 15386 20002 Denmark 8621 9611 10262 10149 11184 11359 12097 11313 11026 11187 Finland 9339 8596 8120 8011 8226 7305 7317 7743 8144 8607 France 35306 38357 38141 44248 80714 83474 86973 90312 Germany 84823 79890 81446 79098 79387 80678 82859 85082 Greece 3982 5827 9600 Iceland 193 236 224 233 254 277 325 398 450 498 Ireland 2694 3718 3442 4292 4821 6684 7250 6339 6490 7359 6601 Italy 27090 32229 35536 28004 39735 47871 49947 53440 55960 59991 Luxembourg Netherlands 16036 17097 17606 18218 18351 18298 18013 19361 21252 22528 Norway 6917 6636 7227 7272 7661 7974 8214 8681 8306 Portugal 7790 9988 10612 10761 12534 14811 15903 Spain 29129 30439 33174 35387 37680 38421 40690 40726 40533 44669 Sweden 8837 9032 8961 9798 11306 14592 14038 15344 15007 14845 Switzerland 7013 6656 6621 6978 6391 6849 6190 7557 10698 10936 UK 83269 64004 100681 105019 114584 105860 115686 117155 118823 MENA Algeria 6243 6898 ! &*!
Egypt Iran 29463 31445 32134 25990 36073 Iraq 3059 8695 Israel 3026 Jordan 3860 4731 6459 Lebanon 1669 1644 1756 2383 2890 3365 3822 4546 4576 Libya Morocco 1810 2505 2631 4074 4442 4705 Syria Tunisia Turkey 16840 17976 18630 19511 22840 21271 25148 26014 Yemen Other MENA Bahrain 309 317 270 Kuwait 727 Oman 918 981 1035 Qatar 24 56 39 49 69 133 299 Saudi Arabia 4836 4479 6738 9072 9888 10779 UAE 680 The raw numbers presented in Table I.2.5.1 cannot shed light over the quality and effectiveness of graduates in health unless it is relative to the total population in each country. However, from an initial observation the number of graduates is highest in the other European countries. It has been observed that some countries lack qualified physicians and others happen to have more graduates than needed nationally. The theory is to explain these inequalities by the medical schooling system in different countries, the number of schools per country, the differentiation between public and private universities, the costs of medical schools and selection criteria behind the enrollment of students into medical institutes. The following section describes the countries’ medical school systems and provides data about the cost of education including approximate living costs per country studied. Conclusion The emigration of physicians is determined by many factors that can be the quality/ cost of medical education, the selection process for enrollment of future medical doctors or demographic issues but the major determinant found is the salary advantage provided in destination countries. A small comparison of relative wages provided hypothetical ! &"!
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F E M I S E R E S E A R C H P R O G
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What Can Be Learnt from the New Eco
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AMGA: American Medical Group Associ
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USA: United State of America WB: Wo
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medical doctors are then free to en
Page 11 and 12: elate to quality research and educa
Page 13 and 14: This may concern also EU countries
Page 15 and 16: discussed both in theory and practi
Page 17 and 18: EU are then described and discussed
Page 19 and 20: specialties. This study shows that
Page 21 and 22: with this trade. Special arrangemen
Page 23 and 24: into the developed countries; where
Page 25 and 26: them as follow: Cross-border delive
Page 27 and 28: In this regard, the EU is suggestin
Page 29 and 30: Given the importance of health care
Page 31 and 32: Serbia. Low wages, poor working con
Page 33 and 34: • How does tertiary education wit
Page 35 and 36: Driouchi & Kadiri (2010) are promis
Page 37 and 38: annual living costs per student. Th
Page 39 and 40: Lithuania 4.12 4.15 4.01 4.03 3.97
Page 41 and 42: Egypt 67.57 68.86 70.17 71.52 72.89
Page 43 and 44: observed externally from developing
Page 45 and 46: Relative Wages : MIN MENA / By comp
Page 47 and 48: No future, Heavy workload, to save
Page 49 and 50: one-year qualification apprenticesh
Page 51 and 52: Other European Countries Austria 4
Page 53 and 54: one medical university and studies
Page 55 and 56: includes a three-year vocational tr
Page 57 and 58: has 18 medical universities and stu
Page 59 and 60: général du Gouvernement to gradua
Page 61: of Medical Science, Bachelor of Med
Page 65 and 66: major policies and strategies relat
Page 67 and 68: The aim of this sub-part is to prov
Page 69 and 70: • What is the role of mobility of
Page 71 and 72: Commonwealth of Independent states
Page 73 and 74: Dodani and LaPorte (2005) suggest t
Page 75 and 76: In regards to the mobility of Europ
Page 77 and 78: The general conclusions of these th
Page 79 and 80: Specific factors Impact of HIV/AIDS
Page 81 and 82: Portugal X X Romania X X X Russian
Page 83 and 84: Germany Italy Spain Lithuania Slova
Page 85 and 86: Italy (2%) and Russia (4) in 2008 (
Page 87 and 88: theory assumes perfect transferabil
Page 89 and 90: The data available suggest potentia
Page 91 and 92: This chapter deals with the migrati
Page 93 and 94: networks and on the major channels
Page 95 and 96: assumed here that emigration decisi
Page 97 and 98: Increases (respectively decreases)
Page 99 and 100: Figure II.1.2: The shape of H as a
Page 101 and 102: The optimal emigration rate that ca
Page 103 and 104: Figure II.1.4: Effects of the Level
Page 105 and 106: empirical investigation focuses on
Page 107 and 108: Table II.1.3.1: Country annual tren
Page 109 and 110: Table II.1.3.2: Country annual tren
Page 111 and 112: ! ! C/D>)! 01::! 0103! 5881::7! E#%
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"#$%&'!()*)+!Eurostat Database Abou
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Using these parameter estimates, co
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different websites for different co
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the theoretical values of the relat
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p-value 0.33 0.03 t test 0.99 2.25
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The following set of graphs are the
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The countries with higher number of
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Turkey (m*=0.41, m**=0.77) Yemen (m
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periods but should be concerned abo
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health report “Comptes Nationaux
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In accordance with the health insur
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95 adults >15 years old per 100000
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To achieve progress in the health s
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The external problems comprise (1)
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first four hospital universities ex
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monitoring trends and economic fact
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Other support staff 6300 2.11 2004
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areas, the case of doctors who reti
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areas of Morocco. It is computed ye
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political instability, economic dep
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1. Gender VS Intention to Migrate A
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salaries differs according to the w
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Results The results are given below
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These results suggest that the numb
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Finally, the questionnaire records
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The past decades have witnessed an
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changed the notion of space, where
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implications on health, Huynen et a
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Figure III.1.3: Social stratificati
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Lee et al., (2007) primarily focus
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However, Collins (203) does recogni
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America. In Africa, where there are
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physicians from Liberia practice in
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Figure III.1.7: Migrant care worker
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espectively. An interesting particu
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Table III.1.5: Supply of foreign (-
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Table III.1.6: Health care wages in
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Figure II.1.11: Factors affecting h
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Figure III.1.12: Factors contributi
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Table III.1.10: International Quali
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health as integral to wellbeing thr
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III.2.1 Need for A cooperative Fram
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graduate spends of certain number o
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III.2.2 Migration of Medical Doctor
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The convexity condition is simply a
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• A payoff vector (ai)i S is said
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III.2.2.2 Discussion and Public Pol
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Europe. Second, in the North Africa
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In the short run, the country of or
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great incentive for medical student
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system, and therefore to the rest o
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MENA countries could be moving to p
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of their medical school. The other
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Beine, M., Docquier, F. & Rapoport,
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German Medical Association.(2011).
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World Bank Database, 2007. World Ba
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http://gse.buffalo.edu/org/inthighe
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Berland, Y. (2002). Demographie des
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Gericke, C.A. (2006). Finance healt
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Salehi-Isfahani, D., Tunali, I., As
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Beine, M., Docquier, F. & Rapoport,
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Docquier, F., Lohest, O. & Marfouk,
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Labdelaoui, H. (2010). Les dimensio
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Stark, O. (1991), The Migration of
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WHO - World Health Organization (20
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Linacre, S. (2007). “Migration: p
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Challenging Inequities in Health: F
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Mullan, F. (2007). Doctors and Socc
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Vujicic M, Zurn P, Diallo K, Dal Po
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Collins, T. (2003). Globalization,
Page 253 and 254:
Kana, M.A., (2009). From Brain Drai
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Sagoe, K. (2004). Using the Diaspor
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Sub-part II.1: Appendix I Appendice
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means that So if , then: > which is
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A, B,C>0 and , , Then Demo 5: Sign
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t test 3.21788138 1.86856175 3.1713
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Lithuania Years m Relative wage H/H
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Romania Years m Relative wage H/H0
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MENA Countries Risk Neutral Model C
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Tunisia Turkey 1993 0.1781 2.50 1.9
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Syria Tunisia Turkey Yemen Stand.de
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Morocco Syria Tunisia t-stat (theor
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Risk aversion model summary table C
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Table II-2-1.2: Projections of the
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Observations 5 Coefficients Erreur-
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Figure 4: Age distribution within r
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Figure 11: Migration conditions dis
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! ")+!
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