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words, working in a public hospital or a private one does not affect the respondent’s intention to migrate. 5. Rating of Salaries and intention to migrate It is expected that financial reasons are the most important motivating factor for doctors who relocate to overseas destinations (Kumar and Simi, 2007). So, salaries might be a key factor leading to migration. In order to test whether the rating of current salaries is related to the intention to migrate, a Chi-square test is performed with salary rating and intention to migrate as two categorical variables. Results The results are displayed in the following table: Table II.2.3.4: Chi-square test output for Salary rating VS Intention to Migrate Chi-Square Tests Pearson Chi- Square Pearson Chisquare Value Degrees of freedom Pvalue Confidence interval 4.649 a 3 .199 95% As indicated, the p-value for the chi-square test is significantly greater than 0.1. This suggests that there no significant relationship between the rating of salary and intention to migrate. Hence, even respondents who rate their salaries as good or very good might have intention to migrate, so, based on the results of this study, salaries are not the main reason for migration as suggested by (Kumar and Simi, 2007). 6. Difficulty in treating patients and intention to migrate An important factor that might be leading to migration is the circumstances under which the medical doctor works. Many medical doctors complain about the circumstances in Moroccan hospitals. When asked, about their desired changes in hospitals, the majority of respondents specified 3 or more changes to be accomplished. A following question in the survey asked respondents to rate the difficulty they find in treating patients on a scale from 0 to 10, with 0 as finding no difficulty and 10 as highly difficult. In order to test whether finding difficulties in treating patients affect physicians’ intention to migrate, a logit regression is performed with difficulty score as an independent variable and intention to migrate as a dependent variable. ! *%%!
Results The results are given below: Table II.2.3.5: Logit regression Output (Difficulty in treating patients VS Intention to migrate) Regression Output Difficulty in treating patients Coefficient df P-Value .182 1 .010 Constant .376 1 .283 The P-value is smaller than 0.10 and the coefficient is equal to 0.182. This suggests that the score of difficulty of treating patients is positively related to the respondents’ intention to migrate. In other words, medical doctors facing difficulties in treating patients have more intention to migrate. So, facing difficulties in treating patients can be considered as one of the reasons leading medical professionals to migrate. 7. Desired changes in Moroccan hospitals and intention to migrate One of questions in the survey asks respondents to suggest their desired changes in Moroccan hospitals. The number of desired changes differs from one respondent to another. The desired changes include: more nurses (89% of respondents), more doctors (74%), higher salary (72%), more medical staff (68%), better equipment (18%), and computers (15%) (figure 10 in the appendix). So, it is assumed that the higher the number of desired changes in hospitals, the less the respondent is satisfied with the current situation of the health sector in Morocco. Hence, respondents with more desired changes might have higher intention to migrate. In order to test this hypothesis, a logit regression is performed with the number of desired changes as an independent variable and the intention to migrate as a dependent variable. Results The results are indicated in table II.2.3.6. Table II.2.3.6: Logit regression Output (Number of desired changes in hospitals VS Intention to migrate) Regression Output # of desired changes in hospitals Coefficient df P-Value -.014 1 .938 ! *%&!
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F E M I S E R E S E A R C H P R O G
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What Can Be Learnt from the New Eco
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AMGA: American Medical Group Associ
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USA: United State of America WB: Wo
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medical doctors are then free to en
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elate to quality research and educa
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This may concern also EU countries
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discussed both in theory and practi
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EU are then described and discussed
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specialties. This study shows that
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with this trade. Special arrangemen
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into the developed countries; where
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them as follow: Cross-border delive
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In this regard, the EU is suggestin
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Given the importance of health care
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Serbia. Low wages, poor working con
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• How does tertiary education wit
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Driouchi & Kadiri (2010) are promis
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annual living costs per student. Th
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Lithuania 4.12 4.15 4.01 4.03 3.97
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Egypt 67.57 68.86 70.17 71.52 72.89
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observed externally from developing
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Relative Wages : MIN MENA / By comp
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No future, Heavy workload, to save
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one-year qualification apprenticesh
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Other European Countries Austria 4
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one medical university and studies
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includes a three-year vocational tr
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has 18 medical universities and stu
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général du Gouvernement to gradua
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of Medical Science, Bachelor of Med
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Egypt Iran 29463 31445 32134 25990
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major policies and strategies relat
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The aim of this sub-part is to prov
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• What is the role of mobility of
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Commonwealth of Independent states
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Dodani and LaPorte (2005) suggest t
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In regards to the mobility of Europ
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The general conclusions of these th
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Specific factors Impact of HIV/AIDS
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Portugal X X Romania X X X Russian
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Germany Italy Spain Lithuania Slova
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Italy (2%) and Russia (4) in 2008 (
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theory assumes perfect transferabil
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The data available suggest potentia
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This chapter deals with the migrati
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networks and on the major channels
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assumed here that emigration decisi
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Increases (respectively decreases)
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Figure II.1.2: The shape of H as a
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The optimal emigration rate that ca
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Figure II.1.4: Effects of the Level
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Page 107 and 108: Table II.1.3.1: Country annual tren
Page 109 and 110: Table II.1.3.2: Country annual tren
Page 111 and 112: ! ! C/D>)! 01::! 0103! 5881::7! E#%
Page 113 and 114: "#$%&'!()*)+!Eurostat Database Abou
Page 115 and 116: Using these parameter estimates, co
Page 117 and 118: different websites for different co
Page 119 and 120: the theoretical values of the relat
Page 121 and 122: p-value 0.33 0.03 t test 0.99 2.25
Page 123 and 124: The following set of graphs are the
Page 125 and 126: The countries with higher number of
Page 127 and 128: Turkey (m*=0.41, m**=0.77) Yemen (m
Page 129 and 130: periods but should be concerned abo
Page 131 and 132: health report “Comptes Nationaux
Page 133 and 134: In accordance with the health insur
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Page 137 and 138: To achieve progress in the health s
Page 139 and 140: The external problems comprise (1)
Page 141 and 142: first four hospital universities ex
Page 143 and 144: monitoring trends and economic fact
Page 145 and 146: Other support staff 6300 2.11 2004
Page 147 and 148: areas, the case of doctors who reti
Page 149 and 150: areas of Morocco. It is computed ye
Page 151 and 152: political instability, economic dep
Page 153 and 154: 1. Gender VS Intention to Migrate A
Page 155: salaries differs according to the w
Page 159 and 160: These results suggest that the numb
Page 161 and 162: Finally, the questionnaire records
Page 163 and 164: The past decades have witnessed an
Page 165 and 166: changed the notion of space, where
Page 167 and 168: implications on health, Huynen et a
Page 169 and 170: Figure III.1.3: Social stratificati
Page 171 and 172: Lee et al., (2007) primarily focus
Page 173 and 174: However, Collins (203) does recogni
Page 175 and 176: America. In Africa, where there are
Page 177 and 178: physicians from Liberia practice in
Page 179 and 180: Figure III.1.7: Migrant care worker
Page 181 and 182: espectively. An interesting particu
Page 183 and 184: Table III.1.5: Supply of foreign (-
Page 185 and 186: Table III.1.6: Health care wages in
Page 187 and 188: Figure II.1.11: Factors affecting h
Page 189 and 190: Figure III.1.12: Factors contributi
Page 191 and 192: Table III.1.10: International Quali
Page 193 and 194: health as integral to wellbeing thr
Page 195 and 196: III.2.1 Need for A cooperative Fram
Page 197 and 198: graduate spends of certain number o
Page 199 and 200: III.2.2 Migration of Medical Doctor
Page 201 and 202: The convexity condition is simply a
Page 203 and 204: • A payoff vector (ai)i S is said
Page 205 and 206: III.2.2.2 Discussion and Public Pol
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Europe. Second, in the North Africa
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In the short run, the country of or
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great incentive for medical student
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system, and therefore to the rest o
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MENA countries could be moving to p
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of their medical school. The other
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Beine, M., Docquier, F. & Rapoport,
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German Medical Association.(2011).
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World Bank Database, 2007. World Ba
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http://gse.buffalo.edu/org/inthighe
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Berland, Y. (2002). Demographie des
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Gericke, C.A. (2006). Finance healt
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Salehi-Isfahani, D., Tunali, I., As
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Beine, M., Docquier, F. & Rapoport,
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Docquier, F., Lohest, O. & Marfouk,
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Labdelaoui, H. (2010). Les dimensio
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Stark, O. (1991), The Migration of
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WHO - World Health Organization (20
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Linacre, S. (2007). “Migration: p
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Challenging Inequities in Health: F
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Mullan, F. (2007). Doctors and Socc
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Vujicic M, Zurn P, Diallo K, Dal Po
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Collins, T. (2003). Globalization,
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Kana, M.A., (2009). From Brain Drai
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Sagoe, K. (2004). Using the Diaspor
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Sub-part II.1: Appendix I Appendice
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means that So if , then: > which is
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A, B,C>0 and , , Then Demo 5: Sign
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t test 3.21788138 1.86856175 3.1713
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Lithuania Years m Relative wage H/H
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Romania Years m Relative wage H/H0
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MENA Countries Risk Neutral Model C
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Tunisia Turkey 1993 0.1781 2.50 1.9
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Syria Tunisia Turkey Yemen Stand.de
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Morocco Syria Tunisia t-stat (theor
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Risk aversion model summary table C
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Table II-2-1.2: Projections of the
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Observations 5 Coefficients Erreur-
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Figure 4: Age distribution within r
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Figure 11: Migration conditions dis
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! "(&!
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! "((!
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! ")+!
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! ")"!
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