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Australia and Oceania, and other countries. In France, 36% of foreign medical doctors in
2009 came from Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia. Finland also receives a high proportion
of medical doctors from the Russian Federation with about 70-80 new registrations per
year over the period 2004-2008. Austria has a small share of foreign medical doctors
coming from Iran, Syria and Egypt. In Belgium, some medical doctors from Congo (53)
and Morocco (91) undertook part of their specialization in Belgium.
In terms of stock, the WHO also reports that the number of foreign trained doctors in
some Western European countries increased considerably over the last 30 years. In
particular, between 1970 and 2005, for instance, the stock of such professionals rose from
1% to 6% of the total in France, Netherlands, from 3 to 11 % in Denmark, from 1% to
4% in Portugal, and from 26% to 33% in the United Kingdom. The proportion of foreign
trained doctors in Germany and Sweden remained stable between 1970 and 2005
reaching the level of 5% (WHO Europe, 2007). No register data on medical doctors were
available for Romania, Serbia, and Lithuania. As proxy variable, data on working permits
for foreign medical doctors in Lithuania indicates a small number of foreign health
professionals.
The OECD also reports the proportion of doctors that were working in OECD countries
in 2000. Data suggests that 11.3 % British doctors were working in OECD countries.
Luxembourg has the highest expatriation rate 69 with 31% doctors working in OECD
countries. Ireland has also a high proportion of doctors working in OECD countries in
particular with a expatriation rate of 27% (OECD, 2007). For instance, countries such as
Italy, France has the lowest expatriation rate in European countries with 1.7 and 2%
doctors working in OECD countries, respectively.
Finally, there are also specific flows between regions and countries in terms of flows of
health workers. For instance, Latin America is one of the main providers of health
professionals to some European countries, particularly, Spain (with 55% foreign born
doctors in 2000) (OECD, 2007). In 2008, a total of 7706 of the 8282 foreign diplomas
recognized were from outside the EU. Also, flows of health workers from North Africa
(about half of foreign born doctors) are mainly to France.
69 The expatriation rate is computed as follows: the number of foreign born doctors working in OECD
countries born in country i; Yi = number of doctors working in country i; emigration rate = Xi/(Xi+Yi).
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