Kerala 2005 - of Planning Commission

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86 2. School Education: From Quantity to Quality As highlighted in Chapter 2, in terms of quantity, school education in Kerala has been consistently much higher than in any other State. As of 2002-03, there were 12,271 schools in Kerala, with a total enrolment of 50 lakh (about one-sixth of the State’s population). Kerala has one lower primary school for every sq. km, and one high school for every 4 sq. km. Facilities are more or less evenly distributed in both urban and rural areas, according to the Sixth All India Educational Survey conducted by the NCERT in 1993-94. The survey indicates that about 90 per cent of the population has a lower primary school, 67.5 per cent an upper primary school, and 62 per cent a secondary school within 1 km. Institutional investment in facilities has been matched by individual investment, which have resulted in impressive growth in enrolment and average years of schooling. By the 1980s, enrolment at the primary level was near universal, including virtually no gender gap. Parents seem to be unbiased in investing in education of girls and boys. A variety of initiatives, including social reform, missionary and State intervention in the early part of the last century, laid the ground for gender parity in education. Importantly, as early as in 1956-57, 41 per cent of the school teachers in Kerala were women. The number has steadily increased over the years, and now the percentage of women teachers stands at 68. This can be contrasted with states like Bihar or Uttar Pradesh, where the percentage is not greater than 20. While it is not well documented, it may well be that the high percentage of female school teachers influenced parents to send girls to school. As indicated in Table 6.1, girls have lower drop-out rates than boys in Kerala. In the table, we follow two sample cohorts of 100 students each for each category of students (in Government and aided schools) 1 – one enrolled in 1990-91 and the other enrolled in 1993-94. Out of all the girls who enrolled in the first standard in 1993-94, only 9.82 per cent dropped out before reaching class X in 2002- 03, whereas 18.93 per cent boys enrolled in the same year dropped out. This is a uniform pattern across all social groups, though retention rates were much lower for boys and girls belonging to Scheduled Tribes. A comparison of the two sets of cohorts starting at two points in the 1990s shows that even though drop-out rates have come to quite low levels, they continue to fall. And the decline is slightly more (in absolute terms) for Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes than for others, which indicates a narrowing of the differential among social groups. There is some variation in the retention rates at the district level in Government and aided schools (Table 6.2). For some districts, a larger percentage of girls drop out by class X. However, in districts like Palakkad, Wayanad and Kasaragod, which had a low literacy rate, particularly of girls/women, retention rates for girls have increased in the 1990s. Kasaragod and Wayanad show the lowest retention rate for boys and girls; but it improved by 1993-94. These are areas for further investigation. Table 6.1a: Retention Pattern Across Gender and Social Groups: 1990-91 to 1999-2000 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X All Communities Boys 100 104.44 101.86 101.10 102.32 100.84 104.32 99.69 90.70 70.04 Girls 100 103.34 100.72 100.18 100.15 98.94 102.26 99.33 95.79 81.44 Total 100 103.90 101.31 100.65 101.26 99.91 103.31 99.52 93.19 75.62 Scheduled Castes Boys 100 105.93 104.24 104.03 102.57 100.32 102.26 95.90 82.73 57.55 Girls 100 104.69 101.63 101.38 100.11 97.71 100.11 96.21 90.94 71.10 Total 100 105.32 102.96 102.73 101.36 99.04 101.20 96.05 86.76 64.20 Scheduled Tribes Boys 100 94.20 87.90 83.08 75.46 65.66 62.84 55.34 43.75 28.65 Girls 100 96.31 91.06 84.64 74.95 68.23 66.25 60.47 51.92 39.33 Total 100 96.21 88.38 83.82 75.22 66.88 64.46 57.77 47.62 33.71 Source: Educational Statistics since Independence, Directorate of Public Instruction, 2004. 1 The analysis does not include the enrolment in the CBSE/KSE schools, data for which are not reported in the Kerala Economic Review or other publications of the Government of Kerala.
CHAPTER 6 RECKONING PROMISE: KERALA’S EDUCATIONAL CAPABILITY 87 Public spending on education in Kerala has been among the highest in the country, both as a share in the total budgeted expenditure and as a percentage of NSDP. More than 80 per cent of this expenditure goes to school education. However, the State is increasingly finding it difficult to sustain this level of expenditure, because of a fiscal squeeze. The share of education expenditure in NSDP has come down from above 6 per cent in the 1980s to around 4.5 per cent in the 1990s. The relatively rapid demographic transition to a lowbirth-rate, low-death-rate regime in Kerala has important implications on resource allocation in the education sector. Between 1981 and 1991, the population age 5-14 years has, in fact, declined from 59.72 lakh to 59.05 lakh. When the school-age population grows, expenditure on basic education must rise rapidly just to keep enrolment rates constant. But Kerala’s declining school-age population increases the resources per child potentially available for Table 6.1b: Retention Pattern Across Gender and Social Groups: 1993-94 to 2002-03 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X All Communities Boys 100 104.65 103.47 102.86 106.75 105.97 112.20 110.48 103.03 81.07 Girls 100 103.18 101.65 100.99 103.49 102.63 107.26 106.24 104.59 90.18 Total 100 103.92 102.58 101.94 105.14 104.32 109.77 108.40 103.80 85.55 Scheduled Castes Boys 100 107.88 107.96 108.73 110.22 108.89 114.27 110.18 100.11 71.56 Girls 100 105.37 104.00 104.24 104.15 102.99 107.65 105.82 103.18 82.32 Total 100 106.65 106.02 106.53 107.26 106.01 111.04 108.05 101.61 76.82 Scheduled Tribes Boys 100 101.71 93.89 91.75 87.75 78.25 79.21 74.65 63.73 42.17 Girls 100 102.09 95.57 89.26 84.62 75.99 76.25 71.76 68.95 50.65 Total 100 101.89 94.69 90.56 86.25 77.17 77.79 73.26 66.24 46.24 Source: Educational Statistics since Independence, Directorate of Public Instruction, 2004. Table 6.2. Cohort Retention Rate (I std. = 100) at Standard 10 (%) by Districts District Male Female Total 1990-91 Cohort 1993-94 Cohort 1990-91 Cohort 1993-94 Cohort 1990-91 Cohort 1993-94 Cohort Thiruvananthapuram 74.15 87.52 87.60 87.85 80.79 91.03 Kollam 81.29 90.87 87.83 84.86 84.55 93.69 Pathanamthitta 85.22 93.80 91.96 91.31 88.58 97.28 Alappuzha 86.26 95.49 91.74 88.00 88.98 95.93 Kottayam 73.43 79.63 83.72 81.19 78.45 84.49 Idukki 62.02 73.79 75.97 71.25 68.79 77.24 Ernakulam 74.75 84.96 86.78 84.35 80.71 90.95 Thrissur 63.13 73.07 78.23 77.46 70.56 78.95 Palakkad 60.25 75.38 73.73 74.88 66.91 79.73 Malappuram 65.77 80.31 76.54 84.40 70.97 84.92 Kozhikode 72.40 83.12 85.09 82.28 78.59 88.27 Wayanad 54.95 68.48 67.78 68.26 61.16 74.32 Kannur 68.10 77.00 82.21 80.66 74.93 82.75 Kasaragod 59.20 68.23 65.80 69.10 62.40 72.31 Kerala 69.80 81.07 81.35 81.38 75.46 85.55 Coefficient of Variation (%) 14.00 10.90 10.20 9.00 11.90 9.40 Note: Cohort retention rate is defined as the proportion that remains enrolled in class X of those enrolled in class I (%).
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Human Development Report 2005 KERAL
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ii © Copyright 2006 Government of
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iv Location of Kerala
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vi Foreword Kerala has achieved int
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viii Message I have immense pleasur
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x It was at the invitation of the K
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xii It should be noted that the CDS
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xiv CHAPTER 8 CHAPTER 9 CHAPTER 10
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xvi CHAPTER 4 4.1 District-wise Hum
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xviii List of Figures Figure No. Fi
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xx List of Maps Map No. Map Title P
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xxii INCLEN International Clinical
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xxiv Marumakkatayam Mavilan Nambudi
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2 that base, but primarily deals wi
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4 further improvement on the human
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6 functions are intimately related
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8 2. Present Day Kerala: A Profile
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10 to introduce the modern system o
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12 the nationalist movement followe
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14 2.2.5 The Post-Independence Peri
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16 In more recent years, however, o
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18 was also a compelling internal d
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20 2. Demographic and Health Indica
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22 Table 2.3: Overall Sex Ratio and
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24 Table 2.5: Marriage Indicators b
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CHAPTER 2 ASSESSING DEVELOPMENT: SO
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CHAPTER 8 LOOKING AHEAD: POSSIBILIT
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CHAPTER 9 Decentralised Governance
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CHAPTER 9 DECENTRALISED GOVERNANCE
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CHAPTER 10 By Way of Conclusion SUG
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CHAPTER 10 BY WAY OF CONCLUSION: SU
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TECHNICAL NOTE 169 An index has bee
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TECHNICAL NOTE 171 Table 3: Gender
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TECHNICAL NOTE 173 source is consid
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DISTRICT PROFILES 175 Kollam Indice
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DISTRICT PROFILES 177 Alappuzha Ind
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DISTRICT PROFILES 179 Idukki Indice
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DISTRICT PROFILES 181 Thrissur Indi
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DISTRICT PROFILES 183 Malappuram In
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DISTRICT PROFILES 185 Wayanad Indic
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DISTRICT PROFILES 187 Kasaragod Ind
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REFERENCES 189 Bloom, D. E. & Willi
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REFERENCES 191 Halliburton, Murphy
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REFERENCES 193 Keynes, J. M. (1930)
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REFERENCES 195 Nelson, Nici and Wri
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REFERENCES 197 Sen, A. (1999) Devel
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199 List of Background Papers Achin
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Kerala 2005 - of Planning Commission

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