Kerala 2005 - of Planning Commission

More documents

Recommendations

Info

98 The current tendency, even in the US, is to resort more and more to scholarships, instead of loans (Arenson, 2004). 8. Access as a Social Issue 8.1 Education and Social Mobility Education, especially higher education, has been an important vehicle of social mobility in Kerala. The costs have been borne by generations of parents and defrayed by the State through generous budget provisions. Many middle and upper middle class parents, who are now running from pillar to post in search of self-financing seats for their wards, are the beneficiaries of this State policy, which continued well into the 1980s. The dispute about merit seats and payment seats is merely a scuffle for sharing of the spoils among the victors. This realisation is gradually setting in among the victims of the system. For a long time, the socially and economically backward sections have been fed on the hope that they too could partake of the gains of the so-called ‘Kerala Model’, if only their children attend school and study well. Now, they see that you have to go to expensive private schools and afford private tuition as well. Each time, they move near the goal, the posts are shifted. 8.2 Equity and Excellence Equity and excellence are often posed as opposing objectives, to be offset against each other. This is not tenable. If the entire community of engineers in a society comes from the top 5 per cent or even 20 per cent of the population, how can it attain the excellence it is capable of? This is especially relevant in a competitive world. So, a beginning must be made at the very beginning. It has to be ensured that all children, irrespective of the educational or economic status of their parents, get a level playing field. They should be able to receive all the learning experience that the curriculum prescribes in the classroom itself. Private tuition should become not only unnecessary but also bothersome. Any child ought to be able to take any examination, including the CEE, and display her/his full potential, without recourse to private tuition, based purely on the strength of classroom learning experience. This is quite an ambitious goal, but not impossible. This can be attained by reforming the curriculum, by strengthening the public schools, and by training and empowering the teachers. Decentralisation and the emergence of panchayati raj institutions offer an opportunity and a challenge. There was a time when schools were started as societal enterprises, with even the most humble chipping in with a handful of rice or a basketful of coconuts. There are some lessons there. 9. Concluding Observations Chapter 6 has been an extended discussion on the need to consolidate on the already very considerable gains which have been made on the educational front, and stresses the importance of paying attention to issues of quality, access and the functional orientation of education, with particular reference to technical education, so that this vital component of human development may serve as an impetus to economic growth in a mutually reinforcing relationship. The neglect, relatively speaking, of higher education in Kerala was not felt for some time. However, dramatic changes in the labour markets around the world, because of technological change and particularly labour migration, has started to impinge on employment opportunities. These changes carry important signals for the education system. Education needs to respond to the increasing demands for adaptable workers, who can readily acquire new skills rather than for workers with a fixed set of technical skills. Specific skills can be imparted more efficiently on the job than in a training institution. There are already a good number of institutions for technical education; the majority of them in the private sector, and with new initiatives like ‘Technical Education Quality Improvement Programme’, it may be possible to improve the quality of technical education. The fact that private investment flows into technical and management education should not be a deterrent to good quality general education, where social return outweighs private return. It may well be suggested that public investment can be routed into good quality general education, especially basic and applied natural sciences and social sciences. 13 As is often the case, some of the discouraging features of Kerala’s socio-economic landscape today are a product of what one might call the 'excesses of success.' The next chapter deals with these issues, with specific reference to the problem of educated unemployment and aspects of female disadvantage, which are not commonly picked up by human development indicators. 13 This does not imply that technical and management education should be left entirely to the private sector on the ground that private investment to meet the demand from students is flowing into these segments; the equity dimension is important as pointed out earlier.
CHAPTER 7 Reckoning Caution EDUCATED UNEMPLOYMENT AND GENDER UNFREEDOM 1. Introduction The problems of educated unemployment and gender discrimination pose perhaps the most serious challenges to continued human development in Kerala, cutting across categories such as class, caste, religion and age. Given a marked social emphasis on education, at least up to the school level, the problem of educated unemployment has become increasingly complex with time. Two aspects stand out in our analysis of unemployment, particularly of the educated – the gender dimension and the rising aspirations of the educated regarding work. In order to probe these and other related issues, a primary survey was conducted between October and December 2003 in the districts of Thiruvananthapuram, Ernakulam and Kannur in the southern, central and northern regions of Kerala. This section draws considerably on the survey data. Educated unemployment and related issues are taken up for discussion in the following section, which first highlights briefly the gender differentiated pattern of education. The second section takes up aspects of gender discrimination.
Page 1:
Human Development Report 2005 KERAL
Page 4 and 5:
ii © Copyright 2006 Government of
Page 6 and 7:
iv Location of Kerala
Page 8 and 9:
vi Foreword Kerala has achieved int
Page 10 and 11:
viii Message I have immense pleasur
Page 12 and 13:
x It was at the invitation of the K
Page 14 and 15:
xii It should be noted that the CDS
Page 16 and 17:
xiv CHAPTER 8 CHAPTER 9 CHAPTER 10
Page 18 and 19:
xvi CHAPTER 4 4.1 District-wise Hum
Page 20 and 21:
xviii List of Figures Figure No. Fi
Page 22 and 23:
xx List of Maps Map No. Map Title P
Page 24 and 25:
xxii INCLEN International Clinical
Page 26 and 27:
xxiv Marumakkatayam Mavilan Nambudi
Page 28 and 29:
2 that base, but primarily deals wi
Page 30 and 31:
4 further improvement on the human
Page 32 and 33:
6 functions are intimately related
Page 34 and 35:
8 2. Present Day Kerala: A Profile
Page 36 and 37:
10 to introduce the modern system o
Page 38 and 39:
12 the nationalist movement followe
Page 40 and 41:
14 2.2.5 The Post-Independence Peri
Page 42 and 43:
16 In more recent years, however, o
Page 44 and 45:
18 was also a compelling internal d
Page 46 and 47:
20 2. Demographic and Health Indica
Page 48 and 49:
22 Table 2.3: Overall Sex Ratio and
Page 50 and 51:
24 Table 2.5: Marriage Indicators b
Page 53 and 54:
CHAPTER 2 ASSESSING DEVELOPMENT: SO
Page 55 and 56:
Page 57 and 58:
Page 59 and 60:
Page 61 and 62:
Page 63 and 64:
Page 65 and 66:
Page 67 and 68:
Page 69 and 70:
CHAPTER 3 Assessing Development THE
Page 71 and 72:
CHAPTER 3 ASSESSING DEVELOPMENT: TH
Page 73 and 74: CHAPTER 3 ASSESSING DEVELOPMENT: TH
Page 85 and 86: CHAPTER 4 Human Development in Kera
Page 87 and 88: CHAPTER 4 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN KERA
Page 95 and 96: CHAPTER 5 Human Development and Eco
Page 97 and 98: CHAPTER 5 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND ECO
Page 103 and 104: Since employment opportunities were
Page 111 and 112: CHAPTER 6 Reckoning Promise A CRITI
Page 113 and 114: CHAPTER 6 RECKONING PROMISE: KERALA
Page 123: CHAPTER 6 RECKONING PROMISE: KERALA
Page 127 and 128: CHAPTER 7 RECKONING CAUTION: EDUCAT
Page 151 and 152: CHAPTER 8 Looking Ahead POSSIBILITI
Page 153 and 154: CHAPTER 8 LOOKING AHEAD: POSSIBILIT
Page 169 and 170: CHAPTER 9 Decentralised Governance
Page 171 and 172: CHAPTER 9 DECENTRALISED GOVERNANCE
Page 173 and 174: CHAPTER 9 DECENTRALISED GOVERNANCE
Page 175 and 176:
CHAPTER 9 DECENTRALISED GOVERNANCE
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
CHAPTER 10 By Way of Conclusion SUG
Page 187 and 188:
CHAPTER 10 BY WAY OF CONCLUSION: SU
Page 189 and 190:
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
TECHNICAL NOTE 169 An index has bee
Page 197 and 198:
TECHNICAL NOTE 171 Table 3: Gender
Page 199 and 200:
TECHNICAL NOTE 173 source is consid
Page 201 and 202:
DISTRICT PROFILES 175 Kollam Indice
Page 203 and 204:
DISTRICT PROFILES 177 Alappuzha Ind
Page 205 and 206:
DISTRICT PROFILES 179 Idukki Indice
Page 207 and 208:
DISTRICT PROFILES 181 Thrissur Indi
Page 209 and 210:
DISTRICT PROFILES 183 Malappuram In
Page 211 and 212:
DISTRICT PROFILES 185 Wayanad Indic
Page 213 and 214:
DISTRICT PROFILES 187 Kasaragod Ind
Page 215 and 216:
REFERENCES 189 Bloom, D. E. & Willi
Page 217 and 218:
REFERENCES 191 Halliburton, Murphy
Page 219 and 220:
REFERENCES 193 Keynes, J. M. (1930)
Page 221 and 222:
REFERENCES 195 Nelson, Nici and Wri
Page 223 and 224:
REFERENCES 197 Sen, A. (1999) Devel
Page 225:
199 List of Background Papers Achin
show all

Kerala 2005 - of Planning Commission

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?