Kerala 2005 - of Planning Commission

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168 Technical Note HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX, GENDER DEVELOPMENT INDEX AND INDEX OF DEPRIVATION A. Human Development Index For Districts In Kerala Table 1: Kerala Human Development Indicators and Human Development Index (HDI) Districts Real per capita Income (PPP$) 2001-02 Life Expectancy at Birth 2000 Literacy Rate (7+) 2001 Gross Enrolment Ratio 2001 Income Index Health Index Education Index Thiruvananthapuram 3,102 75.2 89.4 94.3 0.573 0.837 0.910 0.773 9 Kollam 2,885 77.1 91.5 96.1 0.561 0.868 0.930 0.787 6 Pathanamthitta 2,969 76.7 95.1 97.0 0.566 0.862 0.957 0.795 3 Alappuzha 2,989 77.1 93.7 96.8 0.567 0.868 0.947 0.794 4 Kottayam 3,286 75.6 95.9 97.0 0.583 0.843 0.963 0.796 2 Idukki 3,484 72.4 88.6 86.1 0.593 0.791 0.878 0.754 12 Ernakulam 3,646 75.9 93.4 99.1 0.600 0.849 0.953 0.801 1 Thrissur 3,117 76.4 92.6 101.4 0.574 0.857 0.950 0.794 5 Palakkad 2,513 76.1 84.3 99.5 0.538 0.851 0.894 0.761 10 Malappuram 1,881 75.6 88.6 96.8 0.490 0.843 0.913 0.749 14 Kozhikode 2,858 75.4 92.5 98.7 0.560 0.839 0.945 0.781 8 Wayanad 2,909 73.5 85.5 94.9 0.563 0.809 0.886 0.753 13 Kannur 2,719 75.6 92.8 101.0 0.551 0.844 0.955 0.783 7 Kasaragod 2,777 75.7 85.2 94.0 0.555 0.846 0.881 0.760 11 Kerala 2,895 74.6 90.9 97.3 0.562 0.827 0.930 0.773 HDI Rank Computation of Human Development Index The HDI is a summary measure of human development. It measures the average achievements in three basic dimensions of human development. As per UNDP, these dimensions are as follows: • A long and healthy life, as measured by life expectancy at birth. • Knowledge as measured by the adult literacy rate (with two-third weights) and the combined primary, secondary and tertiary gross enrolment ratio (with onethird weight). • A decent standard of living, as measured by GDP per capita. The methodology for computing the human development index in this Report is broadly same as that of UNDP method. However, we have used literacy rate of age 7 and above instead of adult literacy rate due to non-availability of data. Also, we have used gross school (up to high school) enrolment ratio instead of primary, secondary and tertiary gross enrolment ratio. The components of HDI used for computing districts are the following: Dimension Longevity Knowledge Standard of Living Indicators Life expectancy at birth (years) Literacy rate (age 7 years and above) (%) Gross school enrolment ratio (%) Real per capita income (PPP US$)
TECHNICAL NOTE 169 An index has been constructed for each dimension by choosing maximum and minimum values for each of the underlying indicators. The goalposts for calculating HDI as used by UNDP are given below and we have used the same for computing district HDI. Indicator Maximum Minimum Life Expectancy at Birth (years) 85 25 Literacy Rate (7+) (%) 100 0 Gross Enrolment Ratio (%) 100 0 GDP per capita (PPP US$) 40,000 100 The dimension index is calculated by applying a following general formula. Dimension Index = The Human Development Index is calculated by taking an average of the dimension indices. Calculating the HDI for Districts in Kerala 1. Income Index Xi-minX maxX-minX = 0.562 does not require unlimited income. For details, see Anand and Sen (1994). 2. Life Expectancy Index The life expectancy index measure the relative achievement in life expectancy at birth. As the life expectancy at birth is not available for the districts, we have derived this through an indirect estimation. The infant mortality rates estimated by the Registrar General of India for all the districts from the 1991 Census data have been used. First, district level infant mortality rates have been adjusted based on the SRS estimates given for Kerala in 1991. Assuming that the decline in the infant mortality rate in the districts is same that of Kerala as a whole during the period 1991-2000, infant mortality rates for all the districts have been projected for the year 2000. The life expectancy at birth in 2000 for all the districts has been derived from the model life tables on the basis of estimated level of infant mortality rates. The life expectancy at birth for Kerala was 74.6 years in 2000, the life expectancy index is: 74.6-25 Life Expectancy Index= = 0.827 85-25 The income index is calculated using an adjusted NSDP per capita (PPP US$). The district per capita NSDP in PPP$ equivalent has been derived from the per capita NSDP in rupees (Kerala Economic Review) multiplying with the ratio of per capita GDP in PPP$ in India and per capita GDP in rupees in India. For example, Per capita NSDP for Kerala in 2001 at constant prices = Rs.10,963 Per capita GDP for India in 2001-02 at constant prices = Rs.10,754 Per capita GDP for India in 2001 US$ PPP) = $2,840 Per capita NSDP for Kerala in 2001 ($PPP) = 10,963*(2840/10754)=2,895 After estimating the district per capita NSDP in PPP$ equivalent, the income index is derived using the formula below. The income index for Kerala is as follows. Income Index = 3. Education Index The education index measures relative achievement in both literacy level as well as gross enrolment in the school. The literacy rate (7+) in 2001 by districts has been taken from Census 2001 and gross school enrolment ratio has been estimated by taking a ratio of number of persons enrolled in school (up to X standard, including CBSE, ICSE schools) in 2001-02 and corresponding school age population in 2001 (5-14 age group population). The indexes for literacy rates and gross enrolment ratio are calculated at first. Then, these indices are combined to derive an education index, with two-third weight given to literacy rate and one-third weight to gross enrolment ratio. For Kerala, the literacy rate is 87.9 per cent and the gross enrolment ratio is 97.3 per cent. The literacy and enrolment index are computed as follows. Literacy Index = (87.9-0)/(100-0) = 0.879 log(2895)-log(100) log(40000)-log(100) = 0.562 Gross Enrolment Index = (97.3-0)/(100-0) = 0.973 The income index is adjusted using the above formula because achieving a respectable level of human development Education Index = (2/3)*literacy index + (1/3)*gross enrolment index = (2/3)*0.879+(1/3)*0.973 = 0. 910
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Human Development Report 2005 KERAL
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ii © Copyright 2006 Government of
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iv Location of Kerala
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vi Foreword Kerala has achieved int
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viii Message I have immense pleasur
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x It was at the invitation of the K
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xii It should be noted that the CDS
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xiv CHAPTER 8 CHAPTER 9 CHAPTER 10
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xvi CHAPTER 4 4.1 District-wise Hum
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xviii List of Figures Figure No. Fi
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xx List of Maps Map No. Map Title P
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xxii INCLEN International Clinical
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xxiv Marumakkatayam Mavilan Nambudi
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2 that base, but primarily deals wi
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4 further improvement on the human
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6 functions are intimately related
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8 2. Present Day Kerala: A Profile
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10 to introduce the modern system o
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12 the nationalist movement followe
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14 2.2.5 The Post-Independence Peri
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16 In more recent years, however, o
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18 was also a compelling internal d
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20 2. Demographic and Health Indica
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22 Table 2.3: Overall Sex Ratio and
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24 Table 2.5: Marriage Indicators b
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CHAPTER 2 ASSESSING DEVELOPMENT: SO
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CHAPTER 3 Assessing Development THE
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CHAPTER 3 ASSESSING DEVELOPMENT: TH
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CHAPTER 4 Human Development in Kera
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CHAPTER 4 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN KERA
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CHAPTER 5 Human Development and Eco
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CHAPTER 5 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND ECO
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Since employment opportunities were
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CHAPTER 6 Reckoning Promise A CRITI
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CHAPTER 6 RECKONING PROMISE: KERALA
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CHAPTER 7 Reckoning Caution EDUCATE
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CHAPTER 7 RECKONING CAUTION: EDUCAT
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Page 143 and 144: CHAPTER 7 RECKONING CAUTION: EDUCAT
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Page 169 and 170: CHAPTER 9 Decentralised Governance
Page 171 and 172: CHAPTER 9 DECENTRALISED GOVERNANCE
Page 185 and 186: CHAPTER 10 By Way of Conclusion SUG
Page 187 and 188: CHAPTER 10 BY WAY OF CONCLUSION: SU
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Page 197 and 198: TECHNICAL NOTE 171 Table 3: Gender
Page 199 and 200: TECHNICAL NOTE 173 source is consid
Page 201 and 202: DISTRICT PROFILES 175 Kollam Indice
Page 203 and 204: DISTRICT PROFILES 177 Alappuzha Ind
Page 205 and 206: DISTRICT PROFILES 179 Idukki Indice
Page 207 and 208: DISTRICT PROFILES 181 Thrissur Indi
Page 209 and 210: DISTRICT PROFILES 183 Malappuram In
Page 211 and 212: DISTRICT PROFILES 185 Wayanad Indic
Page 213 and 214: DISTRICT PROFILES 187 Kasaragod Ind
Page 215 and 216: REFERENCES 189 Bloom, D. E. & Willi
Page 217 and 218: REFERENCES 191 Halliburton, Murphy
Page 219 and 220: REFERENCES 193 Keynes, J. M. (1930)
Page 221 and 222: REFERENCES 195 Nelson, Nici and Wri
Page 223 and 224: REFERENCES 197 Sen, A. (1999) Devel
Page 225: 199 List of Background Papers Achin
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