Kerala 2005 - of Planning Commission

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24 Table 2.5: Marriage Indicators by Districts Districts Married Below Legal Age at Marriage (%), 1998-99 Mean Age at Marriage Boys (
CHAPTER 2 ASSESSING DEVELOPMENT: SOME NON- INCOME DIMENSIONS 25 age 5. 3 This indicates that the remarkable achievement in reducing child mortality in Kerala has not been realised to the same extent in the population above age 5. A notable feature of Kerala’s human development experience is the absence of the rural-urban gap. In the 1990s, the difference in life expectancy at birth between rural and urban Kerala was almost negligible in the case of males and very visible only during one year in the case of females. At the all-India level, however, the difference was 7.4 years for males and 8 years for females. For explanation, one has to take into consideration Kerala’s unique pattern of urbanisation. The spatial disparity covering district variation in life expectancy at birth is discussed in Chapter 4. 2.6 Infant Mortality Box 2.1: Improvement in Life Expectancy at Birth The ranking of the States in terms of life expectancy at birth has always put Kerala on top. However, in terms of absolute improvement in life expectancy at birth between 1970 and the 1990s, Kerala ranked in the 9th position among the States in India. It can be argued that as the level of achievement rises, it becomes more and more difficult to make further improvements. In order to incorporate this, an achievement index was constructed using a concave function. The difference in the achievement index at two points of time will give an improvement index, which will correct for the differential initial levels. The improvement index, which incorporates the idea that it is more difficult to improve from a higher level than from a lower level, places both Kerala and Tamil Nadu in the first positions followed by Andhra Pradesh. It indicates that Kerala has not only had a better achievement level in any given year but also had impressive performance over the years in making further improvements. Punjab, which is ranked second in terms of achievement, slides down to the eighth in terms of the improvement index (for details, see HDR background paper by Navaneetham, 2005). the same chances of survival as the one in Punjab, who has survived up to the same age. In the case of females, the difference between life expectancies in Kerala and Punjab narrows down from 7.1 years at birth to only 2 years at A significant role in the dramatic decline in fertility in Kerala in the 1970s was played by the sharp decline in infant mortality rates. Among the major Indian States, Kerala’s infant mortality rate is the lowest as per the latest available estimates given by Sample Registration System (SRS), 2000. In Kerala, out of every 1,000 children born, only 14 die before attaining their first birthday, whereas in India as a whole, it is 71. Maharashtra has an estimated 48 infant deaths per 1,000 live births, which is the second lowest among Indian States. Kerala has performed remarkably in reducing the infant mortality rate from 120 in the 1950s to 14 in 2000. For India as a whole, it has declined from 139 to 71 during the same period. The difference in IMR was only 19 points between Kerala and India in the 1950s, which widened to 78 in 1976-80, but came down to 57 in 1996-2000 (Figure 2.5). Since Kerala has already achieved a lower level of IMR, further decline is expected to be slower due to the non-linear nature of the relationship between the level and improvement that we discussed earlier (Box 2.1). The gap between Kerala and the rest of the States has also increased over time. Figure 2.6 shows the comparative picture of Kerala’s IMR vis-à-vis other States between 1970-75 and 1996-2000. The gap in relation to Kerala has increased in all other Indian States. The figure indicates that children born during the 1990s in States like Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and Orissa faced a risk of death before their first birthday that was more than six times as those faced by children born in Kerala. Even in Maharashtra, the second best performer in terms of IMR, the risk is more than three times as much as that in Kerala. 3 The life expectancy at birth for males in Kerala is 70.4 years and for Punjab is 66.7 years. However, the life expectancy at age 5 is almost same, that is, 66.8 years for Kerala and 66.2 years for Punjab. In the case of females, the life expectancy at birth for Kerala is 75.9 years and for Punjab is 68.8 years. The life expectancy at age 5 is 72.1 years for Kerala and 70.0 years for Punjab.
Page 1: Human Development Report 2005 KERAL
Page 4 and 5: ii © Copyright 2006 Government of
Page 6 and 7: iv Location of Kerala
Page 8 and 9: vi Foreword Kerala has achieved int
Page 10 and 11: viii Message I have immense pleasur
Page 12 and 13: x It was at the invitation of the K
Page 14 and 15: xii It should be noted that the CDS
Page 16 and 17: xiv CHAPTER 8 CHAPTER 9 CHAPTER 10
Page 18 and 19: xvi CHAPTER 4 4.1 District-wise Hum
Page 20 and 21: xviii List of Figures Figure No. Fi
Page 22 and 23: xx List of Maps Map No. Map Title P
Page 24 and 25: xxii INCLEN International Clinical
Page 26 and 27: xxiv Marumakkatayam Mavilan Nambudi
Page 28 and 29: 2 that base, but primarily deals wi
Page 30 and 31: 4 further improvement on the human
Page 32 and 33: 6 functions are intimately related
Page 34 and 35: 8 2. Present Day Kerala: A Profile
Page 36 and 37: 10 to introduce the modern system o
Page 38 and 39: 12 the nationalist movement followe
Page 40 and 41: 14 2.2.5 The Post-Independence Peri
Page 42 and 43: 16 In more recent years, however, o
Page 44 and 45: 18 was also a compelling internal d
Page 46 and 47: 20 2. Demographic and Health Indica
Page 48 and 49: 22 Table 2.3: Overall Sex Ratio and
Page 53 and 54: CHAPTER 2 ASSESSING DEVELOPMENT: SO
Page 69 and 70: CHAPTER 3 Assessing Development THE
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Page 85 and 86: CHAPTER 4 Human Development in Kera
Page 87 and 88: CHAPTER 4 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN KERA
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CHAPTER 5 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND ECO
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CHAPTER 6 Reckoning Promise A CRITI
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CHAPTER 6 RECKONING PROMISE: KERALA
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CHAPTER 7 Reckoning Caution EDUCATE
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CHAPTER 7 RECKONING CAUTION: EDUCAT
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CHAPTER 8 Looking Ahead POSSIBILITI
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CHAPTER 8 LOOKING AHEAD: POSSIBILIT
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CHAPTER 9 Decentralised Governance
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CHAPTER 9 DECENTRALISED GOVERNANCE
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CHAPTER 10 By Way of Conclusion SUG
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CHAPTER 10 BY WAY OF CONCLUSION: SU
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TECHNICAL NOTE 169 An index has bee
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TECHNICAL NOTE 171 Table 3: Gender
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TECHNICAL NOTE 173 source is consid
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DISTRICT PROFILES 175 Kollam Indice
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DISTRICT PROFILES 177 Alappuzha Ind
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DISTRICT PROFILES 179 Idukki Indice
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DISTRICT PROFILES 181 Thrissur Indi
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DISTRICT PROFILES 183 Malappuram In
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DISTRICT PROFILES 185 Wayanad Indic
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DISTRICT PROFILES 187 Kasaragod Ind
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REFERENCES 189 Bloom, D. E. & Willi
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REFERENCES 191 Halliburton, Murphy
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REFERENCES 193 Keynes, J. M. (1930)
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REFERENCES 195 Nelson, Nici and Wri
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REFERENCES 197 Sen, A. (1999) Devel
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199 List of Background Papers Achin
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