Kerala 2005 - of Planning Commission

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120 Table 7.14: Crime Against Women Reported in Kerala State During 2003 – Rates per Lakh Population District Rape Molestation Kidnapping Sexual Harassment Dowry Death Cruelty by Husband and Relatives Thiruvananthapuram 1.39 10.08 0.62 0.28 0.28 9.71 26.28 Pattanamitta 1.06 7.63 0.00 0.00 0.16 9.42 19.89 Kollam 2.05 12.27 0.43 0.00 0.19 14.12 30.49 Alappuzha 0.47 5.89 0.57 0.09 0.14 8.45 15.96 Idukki 1.24 8.24 0.00 0.53 0.00 9.21 20.02 Kottayam 1.28 7.22 0.51 0.51 0.00 5.89 15.46 Ernakulam 1.07 3.52 0.26 0.00 0.06 2.97 12.59 Thrissur 0.97 5.28 0.24 0.34 0.10 7.53 22.35 Palakkad 1.80 5.35 0.04 0.15 0.11 8.18 17.54 Malappuram 1.16 1.57 0.11 0.06 0.06 12.67 22.67 Kozhikode 1.18 4.38 0.24 0.35 0.10 12.75 29.43 Wayanad 2.54 6.36 0.00 0.25 0.13 10.81 42.84 Kannur 0.54 2.69 0.08 0.12 0.00 7.21 16.33 Kasargod 1.25 5.90 0.33 0.25 0.00 5.48 24.35 Kerala 1.23 5.87 0.27 0.19 0.10 9.03 21.84 Source: State Crime Records Bureau. Total 4. Concluding Observations As is often the case, some of the discouraging features of Kerala’s socio-economic landscape today are a product of what one might call the `excesses of success.’ Chapter 7 deals with these issues, with specific reference to the problem of educated unemployment and aspects of female disadvantage, which are not commonly picked up by human development indicators. The chapter suggests that despite high unemployment levels, the desire for enhancing educational qualifications is strong, perhaps understandably so, because unemployment is a declining function of educational qualification beyond the secondary school level. The problem of educated unemployment is particularly stark among women: There are strong indications that education has combined with conservative gender norms leading to differentiation in male and female employment streams but also in defining much stronger employment preferences among women. Unemployment among the youth is also very high in Kerala. The absence of any significant ruralurban difference in Kerala’s unemployment distribution suggests that unemployment in this State is probably more `open’ than `disguised’. Insofar as the `recognition’ aspect of unemployment is concerned, it appears that a higher proportion of men than women find their jobs not commensurate with their qualifications: While this may be on account of the significant proportion of employed women who have regular employment, the influence of differences in women’s expectations cannot be discounted. Chapter 7 also explores the question of women’s relative disadvantage in terms of property rights and violence. An uncritical appreciation of social reform in Kerala masks its formative influence in advancing gender as the basis of social difference, manifested starkly in the negotiation of new marriage and property laws/customs. These reforms and the consolidation of marriage as the dominant framework of women’s property rights speak directly to women’s contemporary disadvantage in property rights through the `thinning’ of parental inheritance and the growing importance of dowry and spousal inheritance. More direct violations of personal liberty are reflected in statistics on crimes against women: An analysis of National Crime Records Bureau data suggests that Kerala figures prominently in the prevalence of domestic cruelty. The picture might well survive even after adjusting for the possibility of better crime reporting (associated with higher levels of literacy). In sum, an examination of employment, unemployment, property rights and violence suggests that patriarchy has been reconstituted through social reform and has endured in and through social development in Kerala. Having appraised various aspects of human development and growth in Kerala, and also subjected this experience to critical evaluation in terms of certain crucial areas of both promise-bearing and cautionary concern, one must now consider where and how Kerala might go in the time to come. This is the subject of enquiry in the following chapter.
CHAPTER 7 RECKONING CAUTION: EDUCATED UNEMPLOYMENT AND GENDER UNFREEDOM 121 Appendix Table A7.1: Number of Women of Age 15 years and Above Usually Engaged in Household Duties (Principal Status) and also Participating in Specified Activities per 1000 Women (Age 15 Years and Above) Usually Engaged in Household Duties S. No. Specified Additional Activities Kerala All India 1999-2000 1999-2000 Rural Urban Rural Urban 1. Maintenance of kitchen garden, etc. 331 458 164 80 2. Work in house hold poultry, etc. 639 377 543 219 3. Free collection of fish, etc. 38 24 179 46 4. Free collection of firewood, etc. 250 140 534 164 5. Husking of paddy (own produce) 4 22 111 9 6. Grinding foodgrain (own produce) 30 44 86 14 7. Preparation of gur (own produce) 4 0 8 0 8. Preservation of meat (own produce) 5 0 6 1 9. Making basket, etc. (own produce) 10 0 41 15 10. Husking of paddy (acquired) 51 80 61 93 11. Grinding foodgrains (acquired) 397 447 89 149 12. Preparation of gur (acquired) 46 82 36 81 13. Preservation of meat, etc. (acquired) 140 152 42 92 14. Making basket, etc. (acquired) 33 87 38 84 15. Preparing cow dung cakes 0 0 119 206 16. Sewing, tailoring, etc. 96 158 273 314 17. Free tutoring of own/others’ children 142 258 48 124 18. Bringing water from outside hh. premises 242 145 585 343 19. Bringing water from outside village 9 0 18 0 20. Any of items 1,2,4,5, 8-12 & 15-19 & 22-26 905 885 969 788 Source: NSSO Report No.465: Participation of Indian Women in Household Work and Specified Activities, 1999-00.
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Human Development Report 2005 KERAL
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ii © Copyright 2006 Government of
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iv Location of Kerala
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vi Foreword Kerala has achieved int
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viii Message I have immense pleasur
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x It was at the invitation of the K
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xii It should be noted that the CDS
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xiv CHAPTER 8 CHAPTER 9 CHAPTER 10
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xvi CHAPTER 4 4.1 District-wise Hum
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xviii List of Figures Figure No. Fi
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xx List of Maps Map No. Map Title P
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xxii INCLEN International Clinical
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xxiv Marumakkatayam Mavilan Nambudi
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2 that base, but primarily deals wi
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4 further improvement on the human
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6 functions are intimately related
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8 2. Present Day Kerala: A Profile
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10 to introduce the modern system o
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12 the nationalist movement followe
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14 2.2.5 The Post-Independence Peri
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16 In more recent years, however, o
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18 was also a compelling internal d
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20 2. Demographic and Health Indica
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22 Table 2.3: Overall Sex Ratio and
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24 Table 2.5: Marriage Indicators b
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CHAPTER 2 ASSESSING DEVELOPMENT: SO
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CHAPTER 3 Assessing Development THE
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CHAPTER 3 ASSESSING DEVELOPMENT: TH
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CHAPTER 4 Human Development in Kera
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CHAPTER 4 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN KERA
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TECHNICAL NOTE 171 Table 3: Gender
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TECHNICAL NOTE 173 source is consid
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DISTRICT PROFILES 175 Kollam Indice
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DISTRICT PROFILES 177 Alappuzha Ind
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DISTRICT PROFILES 179 Idukki Indice
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DISTRICT PROFILES 181 Thrissur Indi
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DISTRICT PROFILES 183 Malappuram In
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DISTRICT PROFILES 185 Wayanad Indic
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DISTRICT PROFILES 187 Kasaragod Ind
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REFERENCES 189 Bloom, D. E. & Willi
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REFERENCES 191 Halliburton, Murphy
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REFERENCES 193 Keynes, J. M. (1930)
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REFERENCES 195 Nelson, Nici and Wri
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REFERENCES 197 Sen, A. (1999) Devel
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199 List of Background Papers Achin
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Kerala 2005 - of Planning Commission

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