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the state of environmental disasters the state of the environment in Brazil 5 Regional Scenario of Main Disasters The national scenario of disasters can be reflected by the events of the past two years – 2000-2001 – in the five politico-geographical macro-regions: North, Northeast, MidWest, Southeast and South The fact that all regions have an inherent pattern of disasters deserves consideration The main natural disasters are associated to weather phenomena The Brazilian territory has a wide weather diversification due to several factors, such as its geographical configuration, maritime or continental conditions, altitude, land size, both relative to the latitude (5°16’20’’N a 33°44’32’’S) and to the longitude (73°59’32’’E a 34°47’30’’W), landscape and the dynamics of air-masses The latter is a key factor as it exerts direct influence on temperature and rainfalls The air masses that have a more direct impact on Brazil are: Equatorial (Continental and Atlantic), Tropical (Atlantic and Continental) and Polar Atlantic, which account for the weather variations in the individual regions 162
NORTH REGION The North covers nearly the entire Amazon, which is the largest hot and humid forest in the world It covers almost half of the Brazilian territory and is entirely crossed by the Equator line The predominance of low-altitude lands (0-20m) makes it easier to outline the region’s weather profile There are four atmospheric circulation systems in the region: the NE and E wind system of subtropical anticyclone in the South Atlantic and Azores associated to stable weather; the W wind system of continental Equatorial Mass (Eqm) (mEc), the N wind system of Inter-tropical Convergence (ITC); the S wind system of Polar Anticyclone The three latter systems cause instabilities and precipitation (INMET) During the coldest months (June and August), due to the Polar Anticyclone movement towards the continent and the resulting polar front, the temperature typically drops This is a particularly important phenomenon for the region – the so-called “friagem” (cold spell) –, when minimum daily temperatures can be as low as 8°C in the southwestern part of the region The rainy season takes place during the summer-autumn period, except for the state of Roraima and north of the state of Amazonas, where the maximum precipitation levels occur in winter and the minimum levels in summer (according to the Northern Hemisphere regime) This region typically has high-intensity, gradual and cyclical floods, and also the absence of such floods that cause imbalance in the ichthyofauna, thus affecting reproduction of the fish living in the largest drainage basin in the world The so-called “terras caídas” (fallen lands) is a natural phenomenon that can become a disaster, but the “pororoca” (an event where sea and river meet) can and should be used for tourism purposes as it forms waves that can ride 90 km when great rivers with a gorgeous tropical forest along them come together Forest fires are natural disasters concentrated in transitional forest areas and savannahs situated on the south and far north of the North Region, ie on the boundaries of the Amazon Forest As the burns take place in deforested areas, they affect degraded and nondegraded pastures, secondary forests and crops Burns derive from intentional fires and are associated to forest slash and burn for agricultural and pasturing purposes the state of the environment in Brazil The dry season lasts from one to three months on the most part of the region (except for the Central Western area and around Belem City, where there is no dry season at all) in addition to the eastern part of Roraima, where the dry season lasts for four or five months (INMET) Among human-caused disasters that seriously damage the region, the use of mercury deserves special notice as it intoxicates the ichthyofauna and the riparian population Malaria, cholera and bouts of yellow fever are often reported YEAR 2000 – The most serious disasters were floods in the region From April to June, the Municipality of Laranjal do Jari (Amapa State) was greatly affected: 70 percent of the City Hall was flooded during four months and 40 percent of the rural area was damaged (Tables 7 and 8) 163
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United Nations Environment Programm
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IPEA Instituto de Pesquisas Econôm
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GEO Brazil 2002- Brazil Environment
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presentation of the Minister of Sta
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UNEP Presentation Introduction to E
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These are aspects that provide moti
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Chapter 2 .........................
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8.9 Habitat Loss and Biodiversity -
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2.1 Precedents: Rio 92 and Agenda 2
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Overview ..........................
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list of pictures Chapter 1 Introduc
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The state of forests Table 1 Natura
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Table 8 Annual average growth rate
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Figure 6 Indigenous lands likely to
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introduction 1. IDENTITY AND TERRIT
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The underlying principle guiding th
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1.4. Report’s Structure and Conte
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The ANNEXES in the end of this repo
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2. Current Status and Perspectives
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An interesting system to define pos
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Some relevant aspects rise in the i
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What has been proposed as a mechani
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The second reason is the short term
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A redesign of the institutional str
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chapter 2 the state of the the stat
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territorial dynamics and the enviro
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cycle, which at its time was the mo
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200 - 500 inhabitants - which in 19
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This new environmental division of
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Superior plants, despite betterclas
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Figure 1-Proportion of taxons of or
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the state of biodiversity the state
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soil conditions the state of the en
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soil conditions 12 Land potential u
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soil conditions the state of the en
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the Northeast In 1998, average farm
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In ha Figure 4 - A verage area of h
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A distance concept (in metres L 1 )
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that, it may be a possible solution
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m 3 in agricultural lands and 448 b
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environmental availability (shallow
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All and any human activity leads to
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Figure 1 - Geologic units that are
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Table 1 - Environmental Impacts on
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Figure 3 - Impact of gold prospecti
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23 Environmental Impacts resulting
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the state of environment in Brazil
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shortage in the Northeastern region
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Chart 2 - P opulation s erved w ith
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carried out as far as requests for
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generation Hydro-electric generatio
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the use of the soil do not exacerba
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of water levels in water wells resu
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Barreiras Group, sandy re-covering
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consolidated The dominant aquifers
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Thus, the volume produced by a well
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is already understood that the cons
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the state of forests Approximately
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the 1960s, wood was really not a re
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Programme for Vegetal Charcoal-Base
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artefacts, it can reach up to US$15
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of the subject- ranging from quanti
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the state of the atmosphere The res
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Page 141 and 142: 4 Brazil and the Climatic Change Co
Page 143 and 144: effect gas emission than gasoline R
Page 145 and 146: Thousand ha/year by satellite image
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Page 149 and 150: ) The gradual expansion of the city
Page 151 and 152: Concerning the rubbish, 90 percent
Page 153 and 154: 5 Tourism Nowadays, tourism represe
Page 155 and 156: Criciúma, Imbituba and Tubarão pr
Page 157 and 158: the state of the environment in Bra
Page 161 and 162: The productivity of the North is hi
Page 163 and 164: quality of the post-larvae, and the
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Page 167 and 168: activity was initiated in the late
Page 169 and 170: a tendency to decrease was observed
Page 171 and 172: presented at least two possible cau
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Page 175 and 176: protozoans and helminths that can b
Page 177 and 178: c) Biological: dengue, yellow fever
Page 179 and 180: There is a great need for a governm
Page 183 and 184: The dry season, as a disaster, is r
Page 185 and 186: to cutting and burning forests for
Page 187 and 188: Hail causes great losses in agricul
Page 189: Accidents with Oil Spills The petro
Page 193 and 194: A lack of proper environmental awar
Page 195 and 196: SOUTHEAST REGION The Southeast Regi
Page 197 and 198: occurs in winter, and the minimum l
Page 201 and 202: growth rate and a slow down of this
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Page 205 and 206: From that time on, demographic conc
Page 207 and 208: Map 3 - Migration balance 1986 - 19
Page 209 and 210: Table9-StructureoftheBrazilian indu
Page 211 and 212: 34 Industrialisation and Spatial Re
Page 213 and 214: obstacle to credit access and to of
Page 215 and 216: most important action, therefore, i
Page 217 and 218: In the Brazilian metropolitan regio
Page 219 and 220: activities are more concentrated an
Page 221 and 222: Another biomass power source adopte
Page 223 and 224: ecreational activity In addition to
Page 225 and 226: 115 Impact Indicators 1151 Health D
Page 227 and 228: US$325 million/year) This amount is
Page 229 and 230: Regarding the historical perspectiv
Page 231 and 232: In 1999, homicides ranked first in
Page 233 and 234: 123 Infectious and parasitic diseas
Page 235 and 236: The state of health and the environ
Page 237 and 238: The state of health and the environ
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indicating the organisms were alrea
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125Atmospheric Pollution Atmospheri
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Every year, landslides during heavy
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chapter 3 policies feedback
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policies feedback 1. Inheritance an
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However, CCZEE limited itself to im
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2. International Agreements Resulti
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policies feedback 227
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During recent years a few legal tex
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policies feedback 231
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Within the decentralisation issue l
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Because of these actions, concern f
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4. Sectorial Policy Responses and A
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criteria for the creation and manag
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Pantanal areas (www.bdt. fat.org.br
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populations, the maintenance of the
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4.2. Soil Governmental actions that
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a) To run a trend and stateanalysis
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as propellants for their aerosol sy
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4.2.3. Positive Impacts from the Us
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and São Paulo), or by elaborating
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possibilities of their use should b
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charging on productive processes as
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In general, the instituted model is
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4.4.5. Regulation It is demonstrate
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Parallel to the investigation effor
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monitoring and controlling forest u
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However, there are important knowle
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This total of 34.65 MtCO 2, during
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a) labelling programmeme to inform
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4.6.4. Specific Actions to Combat A
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4.7 Coastal and Sea Areas One of th
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4.8. Fishing The first aspect to be
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e) Creation of CEPED agencies - Aca
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Again, institutionally, a Secretary
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dissatisfaction by 50 per cent, by
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Urban environmental management also
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Despite being FUNASA’s direct res
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5. Challenges The government’s pr
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progressive lead Brazil towards the
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environmental management Overview C
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1. The Continuation of Environmenta
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Itajaí, and Florianópolis (SC), i
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Deforestation and cattle raising fo
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In the Pantanal Complex, native veg
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environmental management 305
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Chart 1-TrendScenario - Pressurre-I
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With regard to the plan for financi
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c) policies or actions that are not
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Desired Scenario - Impact-Response
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Table 1 - Deforestation expected al
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chapter 5 recommendations 317
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ecommendations decisive in the cons
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ecommendations d) Inter relationshi
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ecommendations c) that the governme
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6.6 Scenarios 6.7. Biodiversity and
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ecommendations 7.1. To reinfor einf
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ecommendations 8.3. Vulnerability a
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annexes es
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GEO Report - Statistical Annex - Me
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annex 1 - statistics - metadata ann
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annex 1 - statistics - metadata Sou
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annex 1 - statistics -metadata anne
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annex 1 - statistics -metadata B.7.
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A. Socioeconomic and cultural facto
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A. State of the Environment and Tre
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B. Socioeconomic and Cultural Facto
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B. Socioeconomic and Cultural Facto
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annex 2 - main economic and environ
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annex x 3 - biodiversity annex 3 Th
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annex 3 - biodiversity anexo 3 The
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annex 3 - biodiversity annex 3 The
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annex 3 - biodiversity annex 3 394
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anexo 3 - biodiversity annex 3 396
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annex 4 - compilation of brazilian
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anexo 4 3. BIODIVERSITY LAW 5.197 0
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anexo 4 DECREE 03/22/1997 Regulates
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colaboradores anexo 2 FIOCRUZ - Fun
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ibliografia ASSOCIAÇÃO NACIONAL D
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ibliografia _____. Governo do Brasi
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ibliografia CASTAGNOLLI, N. Aquicul
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ibliografia _____. (2002a).Centro N
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ibliografia EMPRESA BRASILEIRA DE P
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ibliografia FUNDAÇÃO SOS MATA ATL
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ibliografia _____. Recursos pesquei
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ibliografia KAGEYAMA P.Y. SOUZA L.M
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ibliografia MACHADO, G.V. Estimativ
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ibliografia _____.; Secretaria Espe
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ibliografia PARANÁ. Casa Civil - C
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ibliografia REDE INTRAGERENCIAL DE
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ibliografia SANTOS, J. R., T. KRUG,
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ibliografia TRAFFIC. 2000. El merca
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glossary y of the acronyms glossary
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CESP - Companhia Energética de Sã
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IPT - Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnol
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REVIZEE - Programa de Avaliação d
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GEO Brasil - UNEP

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