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the state of urban and industrial areas the state of the environment in Brazil affect the surface ozone and are mainly originated from vehicles – figures registered between 49 percent in Belo Horizonte (State of Minas Gerais) and 62 percent in Curitiba (State of Paraná) (World Bank 1998) With regard to the cities with less than 250,000 inhabitants, in none of them the emissions from vehicles represent over eight percent of particulate materials It means the participation of industry and transportation in the emission of particulate materials is different between large and small urban centres As it is the case of particulate materials, the emissions of industrial effluents containing heavy metals are highly concentrated in a few municipalities Also in this case, the 25 selected cities are located mainly in the South and Southeast regions The industries in the mechanical sector are the main source of emissions of effluents containing heavy metals, and the regional agglomeration of the 25 most polluting cities mirrors the industrial concentration in this case, specially in the States of São Paulo and Minas Gerais In addition to the fact that industries and transportation are the activities that mostly emit pollutants into the atmosphere, some non-fossil fuels also contribute towards the pressure on air quality In spite of the fact that alternativetype fuel burning produces a lower level of atmosphere pollution, it also indirectly promotes emissions of particulate material That happens due to sugar cane burning, which is a practice that was not totally eradicated, and the accidental pollution of water courses with ‘vinhoto’ (a highly-polluting waste liquid originated from sugar cane processing) On the other hand, one of the positive aspects of this indirect influence of alternative fuel, in this case the alcohol, is the important contribution towards the reduction of CO2 emissions into the atmosphere through carbon absorption during sugar cane growth stages Table 12 - Municipalities with the highest discharges of heavy metals in water Percentage Percentage Percentage Total Metal Pop. Municipality Area Small Medium Large Ranking of (Tonnes) (x 1000) Industries Industries Industries Metals São Paulo (SP) 61.1 9,646 1,514 7 37 57 1st Volta Redonda (RJ) 29.6 220 168 0 2 98 2nd Rio de Janeiro (RJ) 26.2 5,480 318 5 26 69 3rd Cubatão (SP) 24.1 91 140 0 2 98 4th Ipatinga (MG) 20.2 180 163 0 2 98 5th Camaçari (BA) 19.7 113 742 1 11 88 6th Belo Horizonte (MG) 17.1 2,020 331 3 20 77 7th GuaRulhos (SP) 15.7 787 313 2 31 67 8th Joinville (SC) 15.7 347 1,056 1 8 91 9th Timóteo (MG) 11.3 58 154 0 3 97 10th Santo André (SP) 9.3 616 167 2 11 87 11th Contagem (MG) 8.5 449 191 3 22 75 12th Serra (ES) 8.5 222 270 1 2 97 13th Diadema (SP) 8.4 305 29 4 38 58 14th Ouro Branco (MG) 8.0 4 275 0 2 98 15th São Bernardo do Campo (SP) 7.9 566 428 3 17 80 16th Porto Alegre (RS) 7.6 1,263 520 6 28 66 17th Divinópolis (MG) 7.6 151 726 2 20 78 18th São Caetano do Sul (SP) 7.6 149 13 2 16 82 19th Barra Mansa (RJ) 7.2 172 860 2 1 97 20th Sete Lagoas (MG) 7.1 144 534 0 7 93 21st Mauá (SP) 6.2 294 77 1 13 86 22nd Piracicaba (SP) 6.1 283 1,497 3 23 74 23rd Triunfo (RS) 5.8 17 825 0 5 95 24th Candido Mota (SP) 5.7 102 746 0 5 95 25th Source: World Bank - 1998 192
Another biomass power source adopted in Brazil is the charcoal The steel metallurgy sector is maintained based on that source From the CO2 emission point of view, this industry causes an expressive impact, because it replaces the use of coke as a reducer, which has an emission of 0513 tC/t pig iron If, on one hand, the charcoal steel metallurgy reduces pollutant emissions, on the other it has been indicated as an important factor of deforestation, child labour and even slave labour in the Southeast (States of Minas Gerais and São Paulo), Midwest and North (Carajás region) regions (MMA 2000 A) 1147 Pollutants Derived from Solid Residues from Industrial Activity Although there is a lack of data on the activities of industrygeneration residues countrywide, in the State of São Paulo only, São Paulo’s Environmental Sanitation Agency – CETESB (Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental) – state agency responsible for environment control – lists 110,000 polluting sources in the state, and the industrial residue movement is estimated at 26 million tonnes per year, over 535,000 of them are dangerous Presently, the Brazilian Ministry of Environment is developing the proposal of a national inventory, aiming to map the activity and seek data standardisation Companies that provide treatment, recovery and disposal of special residues joined forces in 1998 to promote the development of the sector and assure that their associates’ procedures (treatment plants, sanitary landfills, industrial landfills, incinerators and co-processing plants), in relation to residue handling, properly meet the standards required by the environmental legislation and by inspection agencies For an idea of the profile of those companies, 423,700 tonnes are disposed of in landfills; 24,000 tonnes are incinerated; 1,500 tonnes are treated and 145,000 tonnes are coprocessed (Revista <strong>Brasil</strong>eira de Saneamento e Meio Ambiente – Brazilian Magazine on Sanitation and Environment 2001) 1148 Energy Consumption Energy consumption pattern can also have an influence on air quality The use of hydroelectric energy and biomass contributes to a relatively low level of greenhouse gas emissions in Brazil However, this is also due to average energy consumption levels, which are considered low in Brazil, specially if compared with developed economies, such as the United States or European countries Brazil consumes the equivalent of 1 TOE (tonne of oil equivalent) / inhabitant / year, while the Unites States has a consumption of 8 TOE / inhabitant / year, and European consumption is 34 TOE / inhabitant / year The challenge here is to increase energy consumption so as to ensure a satisfactory social and economic outcome, but to do it in an efficient manner, minimising economic and environmental losses brought about by this process (La Rovere, 2001) According to World Resources 1994/95, Brazil is responsible for the emission of 2156 million annual metric tonnes of carbon dioxide from industrial sources – about 25 percent of this category’s world total – and 970 million annual tonnes of CO 2 originated from changes in the use of land – 26 percent of the sector’s total (Brazilian Ministry of the Environment - MMA, 2000 B) The metropolitan regions and other urban areas in Brazil, the main environmental problems, with variable degrees, refer to: Surface and underground water pollution, due to lack of basic sanitation – specially sanitary wastewater collection and treatment, and inadequate collection and final disposal of solid waste; Floods and hillside landslides due to insufficient drainage and low-income communities and slums located in areas of environmental risk; Air pollution caused by vehicles, industries, among others (specially in São Paulo and, to a lesser extent, in Rio de Janeiro and Belo Horizonte); Sound pollution in the cities’ central areas and in highdensity neighbourhoods Human action on the ecosystems results in degradation and it compromises water, air and soil quality Organic pollution is directly proportional to the size of the population, while industrial pollution depends on the distribution, location and scale of the activity in industrial sectors with a heavy Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) Therefore, the problems derived from the organic pollution of the water are consequently more evident in the country’s metropolitan regions and higher-density cities, where household contribution predominates over industrial Table the state of the environment in Brazil 193
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United Nations Environment Programm
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IPEA Instituto de Pesquisas Econôm
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GEO Brazil 2002- Brazil Environment
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presentation of the Minister of Sta
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UNEP Presentation Introduction to E
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These are aspects that provide moti
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Chapter 2 .........................
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8.9 Habitat Loss and Biodiversity -
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2.1 Precedents: Rio 92 and Agenda 2
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Overview ..........................
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list of pictures Chapter 1 Introduc
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The state of forests Table 1 Natura
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Table 8 Annual average growth rate
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Figure 6 Indigenous lands likely to
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introduction 1. IDENTITY AND TERRIT
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The underlying principle guiding th
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1.4. Report’s Structure and Conte
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The ANNEXES in the end of this repo
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2. Current Status and Perspectives
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An interesting system to define pos
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Some relevant aspects rise in the i
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What has been proposed as a mechani
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The second reason is the short term
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A redesign of the institutional str
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chapter 2 the state of the the stat
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territorial dynamics and the enviro
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cycle, which at its time was the mo
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200 - 500 inhabitants - which in 19
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This new environmental division of
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Superior plants, despite betterclas
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Figure 1-Proportion of taxons of or
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the state of biodiversity the state
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soil conditions the state of the en
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soil conditions 12 Land potential u
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soil conditions the state of the en
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the Northeast In 1998, average farm
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In ha Figure 4 - A verage area of h
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A distance concept (in metres L 1 )
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that, it may be a possible solution
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m 3 in agricultural lands and 448 b
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environmental availability (shallow
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All and any human activity leads to
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Figure 1 - Geologic units that are
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Table 1 - Environmental Impacts on
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Figure 3 - Impact of gold prospecti
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23 Environmental Impacts resulting
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the state of environment in Brazil
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shortage in the Northeastern region
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Chart 2 - P opulation s erved w ith
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carried out as far as requests for
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generation Hydro-electric generatio
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the use of the soil do not exacerba
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of water levels in water wells resu
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Barreiras Group, sandy re-covering
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consolidated The dominant aquifers
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Thus, the volume produced by a well
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is already understood that the cons
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the state of forests Approximately
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the 1960s, wood was really not a re
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Programme for Vegetal Charcoal-Base
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artefacts, it can reach up to US$15
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of the subject- ranging from quanti
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the state of the atmosphere The res
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destructive substances The Vienna C
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4 Brazil and the Climatic Change Co
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effect gas emission than gasoline R
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Thousand ha/year by satellite image
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Brazilian marine and coastal enviro
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) The gradual expansion of the city
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Concerning the rubbish, 90 percent
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5 Tourism Nowadays, tourism represe
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Criciúma, Imbituba and Tubarão pr
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the state of the environment in Bra
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the state of the environment in Bra
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The productivity of the North is hi
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quality of the post-larvae, and the
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level of sustainability Some have e
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activity was initiated in the late
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Page 171 and 172: presented at least two possible cau
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Page 175 and 176: protozoans and helminths that can b
Page 177 and 178: c) Biological: dengue, yellow fever
Page 179 and 180: There is a great need for a governm
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Page 183 and 184: The dry season, as a disaster, is r
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Page 187 and 188: Hail causes great losses in agricul
Page 189 and 190: Accidents with Oil Spills The petro
Page 191 and 192: NORTH REGION The North covers nearl
Page 193 and 194: A lack of proper environmental awar
Page 195 and 196: SOUTHEAST REGION The Southeast Regi
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Page 201 and 202: growth rate and a slow down of this
Page 203 and 204: There were later relatively stable
Page 205 and 206: From that time on, demographic conc
Page 207 and 208: Map 3 - Migration balance 1986 - 19
Page 209 and 210: Table9-StructureoftheBrazilian indu
Page 211 and 212: 34 Industrialisation and Spatial Re
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Page 217 and 218: In the Brazilian metropolitan regio
Page 219: activities are more concentrated an
Page 223 and 224: ecreational activity In addition to
Page 225 and 226: 115 Impact Indicators 1151 Health D
Page 227 and 228: US$325 million/year) This amount is
Page 229 and 230: Regarding the historical perspectiv
Page 231 and 232: In 1999, homicides ranked first in
Page 233 and 234: 123 Infectious and parasitic diseas
Page 235 and 236: The state of health and the environ
Page 237 and 238: The state of health and the environ
Page 239 and 240: eassessment by North American healt
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Page 243 and 244: 125Atmospheric Pollution Atmospheri
Page 245 and 246: Every year, landslides during heavy
Page 247 and 248: chapter 3 policies feedback
Page 249 and 250: policies feedback 1. Inheritance an
Page 251 and 252: However, CCZEE limited itself to im
Page 253 and 254: 2. International Agreements Resulti
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Page 257 and 258: During recent years a few legal tex
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Page 261 and 262: Within the decentralisation issue l
Page 263 and 264: Because of these actions, concern f
Page 265 and 266: 4. Sectorial Policy Responses and A
Page 267 and 268: criteria for the creation and manag
Page 269 and 270: Pantanal areas (www.bdt. fat.org.br
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populations, the maintenance of the
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4.2. Soil Governmental actions that
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a) To run a trend and stateanalysis
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as propellants for their aerosol sy
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4.2.3. Positive Impacts from the Us
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and São Paulo), or by elaborating
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possibilities of their use should b
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charging on productive processes as
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In general, the instituted model is
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4.4.5. Regulation It is demonstrate
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Parallel to the investigation effor
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monitoring and controlling forest u
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However, there are important knowle
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This total of 34.65 MtCO 2, during
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a) labelling programmeme to inform
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4.6.4. Specific Actions to Combat A
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4.7 Coastal and Sea Areas One of th
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4.8. Fishing The first aspect to be
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e) Creation of CEPED agencies - Aca
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Again, institutionally, a Secretary
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dissatisfaction by 50 per cent, by
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Urban environmental management also
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Despite being FUNASA’s direct res
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5. Challenges The government’s pr
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progressive lead Brazil towards the
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environmental management Overview C
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1. The Continuation of Environmenta
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Itajaí, and Florianópolis (SC), i
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Deforestation and cattle raising fo
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In the Pantanal Complex, native veg
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environmental management 305
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Chart 1-TrendScenario - Pressurre-I
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With regard to the plan for financi
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c) policies or actions that are not
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Desired Scenario - Impact-Response
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Table 1 - Deforestation expected al
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chapter 5 recommendations 317
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ecommendations decisive in the cons
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ecommendations d) Inter relationshi
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ecommendations c) that the governme
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6.6 Scenarios 6.7. Biodiversity and
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ecommendations 7.1. To reinfor einf
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ecommendations 8.3. Vulnerability a
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annexes es
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GEO Report - Statistical Annex - Me
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annex 1 - statistics - metadata ann
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annex 1 - statistics - metadata Sou
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annex 1 - statistics -metadata anne
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annex 1 - statistics -metadata B.7.
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A. Socioeconomic and cultural facto
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A. State of the Environment and Tre
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B. Socioeconomic and Cultural Facto
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B. Socioeconomic and Cultural Facto
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annex 2 - main economic and environ
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annex x 3 - biodiversity annex 3 Th
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annex 3 - biodiversity anexo 3 The
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annex 3 - biodiversity annex 3 The
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annex 3 - biodiversity annex 3 394
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anexo 3 - biodiversity annex 3 396
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annex 4 - compilation of brazilian
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anexo 4 3. BIODIVERSITY LAW 5.197 0
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anexo 4 DECREE 03/22/1997 Regulates
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colaboradores anexo 2 FIOCRUZ - Fun
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ibliografia ASSOCIAÇÃO NACIONAL D
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ibliografia _____. Governo do Brasi
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ibliografia CASTAGNOLLI, N. Aquicul
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ibliografia _____. (2002a).Centro N
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ibliografia EMPRESA BRASILEIRA DE P
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ibliografia FUNDAÇÃO SOS MATA ATL
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ibliografia _____. Recursos pesquei
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ibliografia KAGEYAMA P.Y. SOUZA L.M
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ibliografia MACHADO, G.V. Estimativ
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ibliografia _____.; Secretaria Espe
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ibliografia PARANÁ. Casa Civil - C
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ibliografia REDE INTRAGERENCIAL DE
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ibliografia SANTOS, J. R., T. KRUG,
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ibliografia TRAFFIC. 2000. El merca
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glossary y of the acronyms glossary
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CESP - Companhia Energética de Sã
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IPT - Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnol
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REVIZEE - Programa de Avaliação d
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