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the state of urban and industrial areas the state of the environment in Brazil 44 Economic Development In addition to pressures on the environment caused by the lack of sanitation, transportation and housing, another important source of pressure is the pollution caused by the development of economic activities, particularly those of industrial origin The (i) emissions of organic material, nutrients and heavy metals into rivers, bays and beaches; (ii) the emissions of particulate materials and gases into the atmosphere; (iii) the inadequate management of solid residues, mainly the dangerous ones and (iv) the power production and consumption pollute and contaminate surface water and groundwater, the air and the soil, harming the urban environmental quality Such harm affects the population’s health and is a negative interference in the economic activities performance itself, as they: system Despite the extent of the problems caused, there are no information systematically gathered that allows the quantification and measurement of the scope of such impacts The productive activities also generate an intense move in the transportation of toxic cargoes affecting the urban environment directly or indirectly For example, in 1996, out of a total of 12 thousand million tonnes of transported cargo in Brazil, only 15 percent used river navigation These trips, made via sea, road or railway, are sources of pressure, particularly on water resources, because of their potential risk of accidents in several circumstances However, their quantification is not a systematic task carried out by the official administration yet (MMA 2000 A) raise recovery costs of basic resources such as water and soil; limit the attraction and use of natural assets for tourism and entertainment; cause the imbalance of aquatic populations, particularly in coastal regions, reducing fishery exploitation, as well as the alternative represented by aquacultivation 1145 Pollutant Dumping into Water Resources Chart 1 presents a summary of the main pollutants and some relevant information on them From the cost point of view, sewage BOD and phosphorus control is the most expensive, followed by heavy metals and industry BOD 1146 Emission of Pollutants into the Atmosphere However, although these problems are present in major urban areas in Brazil, they have different intensities in each place Among economic activities at intra-urban level, mineral extraction is highlighted, specially clay carving, stones and sand extraction Such activities cause environment degradation by altering topography, removing vegetal cover and causing soil erosion and sanding-up of the drainage In Brazil, the most serious atmosphere pollution problem noted in large cities is the emission of particulate materials, caused mainly by motorised vehicles (with diesel and gasoline engines) and industries The characteristics of the activities and primary sources of pollution are also important to establish the control strategies to be adopted In general, fixed sources are easier to regulate than the disperse ones In urban areas the 190
activities are more concentrated and this reduces monitoring and inspection costs The most harmful particulate materials are the ones equal or smaller than 25 m g/m3 However, the available information allows for the estimate of emissions of particulate materials that are equal or larger then 10 m g/m3 Studies carried out by the World Bank present the 15 most Figure 2 - Critical contaminants - air Contaminant PM10 Source: World Bankl - 1998 Main damages Health, aesthetic and material Means Air Source Industry (by sector) Transportation (by fuel) Source’s features Point (small, big) Mobile Source’s Localisation Urban Urban the state of the environment in Brazil problematic municipalities in terms of particulate material emission, as shown in Table 11 The limited information prevents the measurement of how serious the atmosphere pollution registered in large centres is, particularly in the South and Southeast regions of the country In these cases, the emissions of nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxides and aldehydes Table 11 - Brazilian municipalities with highest rates of particulate material emission Municipality (State) Pop. (x 1000) Total MP10 (Tonnes) Ind. MP10 (Tonnes) Transp. % of the total Small Industries % of the total Large Industries % of the total São Paulo (SP) 9,646 41,204 17,123 58 1 41 Rio de Janeiro (RJ) 5,481 16,684 6,957 58 1 41 Belo Horizonte (MG) 2,020 10,140 5,206 49 1 50 Curitiba (PR) 1,315 9,759 3,706 62 2 36 Porto Alegre (RS) 1,236 6,107 1,413 77 2 21 Salvador (BA) 2,075 6,104 1,308 79 2 19 Brasília (DF) 1,601 6,089 2,461 60 1 39 Volta Redonda (RJ) 220 5,833 5,443 6 1 93 Manaus (AM) 1,012 5,480 1,800 67 1 32 Campo Grande 526 4,603 639 86 1 13 Recife (PE) 1,298 4,542 2,494 45 3 52 Itapeva (SP) 82 4,515 4,403 2 1 97 Cubatão (SP) 91 4,406 4,168 6 4 90 Sete Lagoas (MG) 144 4,316 3,982 8 1 91 Guarulhos (SP) 788 4,228 2,208 48 2 50 Source: World Bank - 1998 191
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United Nations Environment Programm
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IPEA Instituto de Pesquisas Econôm
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GEO Brazil 2002- Brazil Environment
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presentation of the Minister of Sta
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UNEP Presentation Introduction to E
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These are aspects that provide moti
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Chapter 2 .........................
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8.9 Habitat Loss and Biodiversity -
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2.1 Precedents: Rio 92 and Agenda 2
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Overview ..........................
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list of pictures Chapter 1 Introduc
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The state of forests Table 1 Natura
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Table 8 Annual average growth rate
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Figure 6 Indigenous lands likely to
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introduction 1. IDENTITY AND TERRIT
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The underlying principle guiding th
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1.4. Report’s Structure and Conte
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The ANNEXES in the end of this repo
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2. Current Status and Perspectives
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An interesting system to define pos
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Some relevant aspects rise in the i
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What has been proposed as a mechani
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The second reason is the short term
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A redesign of the institutional str
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chapter 2 the state of the the stat
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territorial dynamics and the enviro
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cycle, which at its time was the mo
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200 - 500 inhabitants - which in 19
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This new environmental division of
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Superior plants, despite betterclas
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Figure 1-Proportion of taxons of or
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the state of biodiversity the state
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soil conditions the state of the en
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soil conditions 12 Land potential u
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soil conditions the state of the en
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the Northeast In 1998, average farm
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In ha Figure 4 - A verage area of h
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A distance concept (in metres L 1 )
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that, it may be a possible solution
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m 3 in agricultural lands and 448 b
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environmental availability (shallow
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All and any human activity leads to
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Figure 1 - Geologic units that are
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Table 1 - Environmental Impacts on
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Figure 3 - Impact of gold prospecti
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23 Environmental Impacts resulting
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the state of environment in Brazil
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shortage in the Northeastern region
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Chart 2 - P opulation s erved w ith
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carried out as far as requests for
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generation Hydro-electric generatio
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the use of the soil do not exacerba
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of water levels in water wells resu
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Barreiras Group, sandy re-covering
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consolidated The dominant aquifers
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Thus, the volume produced by a well
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is already understood that the cons
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the state of forests Approximately
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the 1960s, wood was really not a re
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Programme for Vegetal Charcoal-Base
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artefacts, it can reach up to US$15
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of the subject- ranging from quanti
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the state of the atmosphere The res
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destructive substances The Vienna C
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4 Brazil and the Climatic Change Co
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effect gas emission than gasoline R
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Thousand ha/year by satellite image
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Brazilian marine and coastal enviro
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) The gradual expansion of the city
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Concerning the rubbish, 90 percent
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5 Tourism Nowadays, tourism represe
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Criciúma, Imbituba and Tubarão pr
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the state of the environment in Bra
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the state of the environment in Bra
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The productivity of the North is hi
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quality of the post-larvae, and the
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level of sustainability Some have e
Page 167 and 168: activity was initiated in the late
Page 169 and 170: a tendency to decrease was observed
Page 171 and 172: presented at least two possible cau
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Page 175 and 176: protozoans and helminths that can b
Page 177 and 178: c) Biological: dengue, yellow fever
Page 179 and 180: There is a great need for a governm
Page 181 and 182: the state of the environment in Bra
Page 183 and 184: The dry season, as a disaster, is r
Page 185 and 186: to cutting and burning forests for
Page 187 and 188: Hail causes great losses in agricul
Page 189 and 190: Accidents with Oil Spills The petro
Page 191 and 192: NORTH REGION The North covers nearl
Page 193 and 194: A lack of proper environmental awar
Page 195 and 196: SOUTHEAST REGION The Southeast Regi
Page 197 and 198: occurs in winter, and the minimum l
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Page 201 and 202: growth rate and a slow down of this
Page 203 and 204: There were later relatively stable
Page 205 and 206: From that time on, demographic conc
Page 207 and 208: Map 3 - Migration balance 1986 - 19
Page 209 and 210: Table9-StructureoftheBrazilian indu
Page 211 and 212: 34 Industrialisation and Spatial Re
Page 213 and 214: obstacle to credit access and to of
Page 215 and 216: most important action, therefore, i
Page 217: In the Brazilian metropolitan regio
Page 221 and 222: Another biomass power source adopte
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Page 225 and 226: 115 Impact Indicators 1151 Health D
Page 227 and 228: US$325 million/year) This amount is
Page 229 and 230: Regarding the historical perspectiv
Page 231 and 232: In 1999, homicides ranked first in
Page 233 and 234: 123 Infectious and parasitic diseas
Page 235 and 236: The state of health and the environ
Page 237 and 238: The state of health and the environ
Page 239 and 240: eassessment by North American healt
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Page 243 and 244: 125Atmospheric Pollution Atmospheri
Page 245 and 246: Every year, landslides during heavy
Page 247 and 248: chapter 3 policies feedback
Page 249 and 250: policies feedback 1. Inheritance an
Page 251 and 252: However, CCZEE limited itself to im
Page 253 and 254: 2. International Agreements Resulti
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Page 257 and 258: During recent years a few legal tex
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Page 261 and 262: Within the decentralisation issue l
Page 263 and 264: Because of these actions, concern f
Page 265 and 266: 4. Sectorial Policy Responses and A
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Pantanal areas (www.bdt. fat.org.br
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populations, the maintenance of the
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4.2. Soil Governmental actions that
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a) To run a trend and stateanalysis
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as propellants for their aerosol sy
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4.2.3. Positive Impacts from the Us
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and São Paulo), or by elaborating
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possibilities of their use should b
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charging on productive processes as
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In general, the instituted model is
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4.4.5. Regulation It is demonstrate
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Parallel to the investigation effor
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monitoring and controlling forest u
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However, there are important knowle
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This total of 34.65 MtCO 2, during
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a) labelling programmeme to inform
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4.6.4. Specific Actions to Combat A
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4.7 Coastal and Sea Areas One of th
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4.8. Fishing The first aspect to be
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e) Creation of CEPED agencies - Aca
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Again, institutionally, a Secretary
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dissatisfaction by 50 per cent, by
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Urban environmental management also
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Despite being FUNASA’s direct res
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5. Challenges The government’s pr
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progressive lead Brazil towards the
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environmental management Overview C
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1. The Continuation of Environmenta
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Itajaí, and Florianópolis (SC), i
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Deforestation and cattle raising fo
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In the Pantanal Complex, native veg
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environmental management 305
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Chart 1-TrendScenario - Pressurre-I
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With regard to the plan for financi
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c) policies or actions that are not
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Desired Scenario - Impact-Response
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Table 1 - Deforestation expected al
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chapter 5 recommendations 317
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ecommendations decisive in the cons
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ecommendations d) Inter relationshi
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ecommendations c) that the governme
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6.6 Scenarios 6.7. Biodiversity and
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ecommendations 7.1. To reinfor einf
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ecommendations 8.3. Vulnerability a
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annexes es
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GEO Report - Statistical Annex - Me
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annex 1 - statistics - metadata ann
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annex 1 - statistics - metadata Sou
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annex 1 - statistics -metadata anne
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annex 1 - statistics -metadata B.7.
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A. Socioeconomic and cultural facto
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A. State of the Environment and Tre
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B. Socioeconomic and Cultural Facto
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B. Socioeconomic and Cultural Facto
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annex 2 - main economic and environ
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annex x 3 - biodiversity annex 3 Th
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annex 3 - biodiversity anexo 3 The
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annex 3 - biodiversity annex 3 The
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annex 3 - biodiversity annex 3 394
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anexo 3 - biodiversity annex 3 396
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annex 4 - compilation of brazilian
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anexo 4 3. BIODIVERSITY LAW 5.197 0
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anexo 4 DECREE 03/22/1997 Regulates
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colaboradores anexo 2 FIOCRUZ - Fun
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ibliografia ASSOCIAÇÃO NACIONAL D
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ibliografia _____. Governo do Brasi
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ibliografia CASTAGNOLLI, N. Aquicul
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ibliografia _____. (2002a).Centro N
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ibliografia EMPRESA BRASILEIRA DE P
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ibliografia FUNDAÇÃO SOS MATA ATL
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ibliografia _____. Recursos pesquei
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ibliografia KAGEYAMA P.Y. SOUZA L.M
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ibliografia MACHADO, G.V. Estimativ
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ibliografia _____.; Secretaria Espe
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ibliografia PARANÁ. Casa Civil - C
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ibliografia REDE INTRAGERENCIAL DE
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ibliografia SANTOS, J. R., T. KRUG,
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ibliografia TRAFFIC. 2000. El merca
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glossary y of the acronyms glossary
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CESP - Companhia Energética de Sã
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IPT - Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnol
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REVIZEE - Programa de Avaliação d
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