Gas Turbine Handbook : Principles and Practices

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106 Gas Turbine Handbook: Principles and Practices Table 7-1. ———————————————————————————————— PARAMETER SYMBOL ———————————————————————————————— Ambient Air Temperature T am ———————————————————————————————— Ambient Air Pressure (Barometer) P am ———————————————————————————————— Inlet Air Pressure P 1 ———————————————————————————————— Exhaust Total Pressure P t5 OR P t7 ———————————————————————————————— N 1 (RPM) N 1 ———————————————————————————————— N 2 (RPM) a dual spool N 2 ———————————————————————————————— N 3 (RPM) power turbine N 3 ———————————————————————————————— Exhaust Gas Temperature EGT ———————————————————————————————— Fuel Flow W f ———————————————————————————————— Power Output (Electric Generator) MW ———————————————————————————————— Low Pressure Compressor Out Pressure (static) P S3 ———————————————————————————————— High Pressure Compressor Out Pressure (static) P S4 ———————————————————————————————— Vibration V ———————————————————————————————— erating speed is above the resonant frequency. The gas turbine as a dynamic, fuel consuming, power producing entity has a specific natural frequency, which is a combination of the frequencies of its components. Where the natural frequency of the shaft connecting the compressor and turbine may be at 250 Hz, and the natural frequency of the assembled compressor and turbine rotor may be at 25 Hz, the gas turbine, as an entity, may be at 1.5 Hz. Vibration measurements usually consist of amplitude (inches),
Parameter Characteristics 107 velocity (inches per second) and acceleration (inches per second per second or “g”). These measurements are taken with probes, such as seismic probes that measure amplitude, proximity probes that measure primarily velocity, and acceleration probes or accelerometers that measure acceleration. By the use of integrating or differentiating circuits, amplitude, velocity or acceleration readouts are possible from any of the three probe types. However, more accurate information can be obtained from direct measurements using the proximity probe and accelerometer. Typical sources of vibration that are usually found in a gas turbine package are depicted on a real time spectrographic plot (Figure 7-1). Note that rotor imbalance is seen predominantly at the running speed, whereas misalignment can be seen at two times the running speed and is seen on readouts from both the horizontal or vertical probe and the axial probe. Looseness due to excessive clearances in the bearing or bearing support is also seen at two times speed, except the axial probe does not show any excursions. Hydrodynamic journal bearing oil whirl is seen at 0.42 running speed and is both violent and sporadic. Very close to that, at 0.5 running speed, is baseplate resonance. Note that baseplate resonance is picked up predominantly on the vertical probe. Gear noise is seen at running speed times the number of gear teeth. Amplitude is not the best criteria to judge excessive or acceptable vibration since a high amplitude for a low rpm machine might be acceptable whereas that same amplitude for a high rpm machine would not be acceptable. These same guidelines apply to the lube oil and fuel supply systems. Pumps and motors exhibit the same relative indicators of unbalance. Even the piping of the lube oil and fuel forwarding systems have their own unique natural frequencies. VIBRATION MEASUREMENT A seismic probe, which consists of a spring mass system, is primarily used where the frequency measured is well below the machine’s natural frequency and that of the spring-mass system. A proximity probe, which is mounted on the equipment case, measures the relative movement of the shaft to the case. Proximity probes are used where the frequency measured is well below the machine’s natural frequency.
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Gas Turbine Handbook: Principles an
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Dedication This book is dedicated t
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Contents PREFACE ..................
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Chapter 13—BOROSCOPE INSPECTION .
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Preface to the Third Edition The ne
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Acknowledgments I wish to thank the
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2 Gas Turbine Handbook: Principles
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Figure 2-3. Courtesy of United Tech
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Appendix A-2 304 Gas Turbine Handbo
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5. Weather Hood Material __________
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Appendix C-6 Air/Oil Cooler Specifi
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9. Drive Requirements A. Hydraulic
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22. Packaging For Shipment Per Spec
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Parameters Units NH 3 CO H 2 CH 4 C
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.055 Parameters Units 1/0 .88/.12 .
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Koppers Foster Blue Coal Gas Winkle
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