Gas Turbine Handbook : Principles and Practices

Gas Turbine Control 71
Chapter 5
Gas Turbine Controls
The gas turbine is a highly responsive, high speed piece of
machinery. In an aircraft application, the gas turbine can
accelerate from idle to maximum take-off power in less than
60 seconds. In industrial gas turbines, the acceleration rate is limited
by the mass moment of inertia of the driven equipment. This responsiveness
does not come without a downside. Without a proper control
system: the compressor can go into surge in less than 50 milliseconds;
the turbine can exceed safe temperatures in less than a quarter of a
second; and the power turbine can go into overspeed in less than two
seconds. Furthermore, changes in ambient temperature and ambient
pressure, deviations that may not even be noticed, can adversely affect
the operation of the gas turbine.
As discussed in Chapters 2 and 3, the gas turbine can take many
different forms (single shaft, dual shaft, hot end drive, cold end drive)
depending on the application (turbojet, turboprop, generator drive,
process compressor drive, process pump drive, etc.). Controlling the
gas turbine in each of these different configurations and applications
requires the interaction of several complex functions. Some of the
complexity can be simplified by considering the gas turbine as a gas
generator and a power-extraction-turbine, where the gas generator
consists of the compressor, combustor, and compressor-turbine. The
compressor-turbine is that part of the gas generator developing the
shaft horsepower to drive the compressor; and the power-extractionturbine
is that part of the gas turbine developing the horsepower to
drive the external load. The energy developed in the combustor, by
burning fuel under pressure, is gas horsepower (GHP). On turbojets,
the gas horsepower that is not used by the compressor-turbine to
drive the compressor is converted to thrust. On turboprops, mechanical
drive, and generator drive gas turbines this gas horsepower
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