Gas Turbine Handbook : Principles and Practices

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170 Gas Turbine Handbook: Principles and Practices to a high of 500 kW. These units evolved from automotive and truck turbocharger components, small jet engines (in turboprop applications), and auxiliary power units commonly used for ground power for aircraft. Microturbine components typically consist of a centrifugal compressor and radial turbine components mounted on the same shaft, a combustor, and a recuperator. In some designs a separate turbine wheel, the power turbine wheel, is also provided. The recuperator is used to capture exhaust waste heat to heat up compressor discharge air. Heating the compressor discharge air reduces fuel consumption, which reduces NO x formation (NO x formation is discussed in detail in Chapter 9) and increases the overall efficiency. Microturbines are coupled to alternators or generators (inductive or synchronous generators) for the production of electricity. In mechanical drive applications the microturbine may be coupled to a compressor in refrigeration service or a pump in pumping service. In single and split-shaft microturbine designs the electric generator may be mounted on the same shaft as the compressor and turbine components or a speed-reducing gearbox may be employed between the gas turbine output shaft and the electric generator (or compressor or pump depending on the application). Due to the high speeds of the microturbines special attention must be given to the electric generators. These generators are either specifically designed to produce a 60 Hz output or have specialized electronics (rectifiers and converters) to convert the power generated to facilitate utility grid connection. APPLICATIONS Microturbines are used in distributed power and combined heat and power applications. With recent advances in electronic, microprocessor based, control systems these units can interface with the commercial power grid and can operate “unattended.” Table 11-2 list typical applications for microturbines and the power range utilized for each application. 1 Table 11-3 demonstrates the relative cost of reciprocating engines, microturbines, and fuel cells. Since microturbines and fuel cells are relatively new to the marketplace their price & performance are drawn from comparatively few samples.
Microturbines 171 Table 11-2. ———————————————————————————————— Convenience/Fast Food Store 40-50 kW ———————————————————————————————— Restaurant Chain/Gas Filling Station 50-70 kW ———————————————————————————————— Supermarkets (Old) 150-300 kW ———————————————————————————————— Supermarkets (New) 300-2,000 kW ———————————————————————————————— Hospitals 100-6,000 kW ———————————————————————————————— Large Office Building 400-3,000 kW ———————————————————————————————— Factories 500 kW and up ———————————————————————————————— Table 11-3. Cost and Performance of Micropower Technologies ———————————————————————————————— 2 Technology Engine Microturbine Fuel Cell ———————————————————————————————— Size 30 kW–60MW 30-200 kW 100-3000 kW ———————————————————————————————— Installed Cost ($/kW) α 200-800 350-900 900-3300 ———————————————————————————————— Elec. Efficiency (LHV) 27-38% 15-32% 40-57% ———————————————————————————————— Overall Efficiency β ∼ 80-85% ∼ 80-85% ∼ 80-85% ———————————————————————————————— Variable O&M ($/kWh) 0.0075-0.02 0.004-0.01 0.0019-0.0153 ———————————————————————————————— Footprint (sq_ft/kW) 0.22-0.31 0.15-0.35 0.9 ———————————————————————————————— Emissions (lb/kWh Diesel: NO x : 3-50ppm NO x :
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Gas Turbine Handbook: Principles an
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Dedication This book is dedicated t
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Contents PREFACE ..................
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Chapter 13—BOROSCOPE INSPECTION .
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Preface to the Third Edition The ne
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Acknowledgments I wish to thank the
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2 Gas Turbine Handbook: Principles
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Figure 2-3. Courtesy of United Tech
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100 Gas Turbine Handbook: Principle
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Chart 8-1 Gas Turbine Environments
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Appendix A-2 304 Gas Turbine Handbo
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5. Weather Hood Material __________
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Appendix C-6 Air/Oil Cooler Specifi
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9. Drive Requirements A. Hydraulic
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22. Packaging For Shipment Per Spec
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Parameters Units NH 3 CO H 2 CH 4 C
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.055 Parameters Units 1/0 .88/.12 .
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Koppers Foster Blue Coal Gas Winkle
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