Gas Turbine Handbook : Principles and Practices

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138 Gas Turbine Handbook: Principles and Practices Figure 9-4. Operating line shift with water injection. STEAM INJECTION For cogeneration and combined cycle applications, steam is an excellent choice for controlling emissions from gas turbines. This is due not only to the availability of steam at appropriate conditions, but also to the substantial improvement that can be achieved in gas turbine heat rate. Unlike water, the steam entering the combustor is already vaporized. Therefore, the energy to vaporize the steam is conserved. However, because the steam is 300°F (150°C) to 500°F (260°C) degrees hotter than water, its flame quenching capabilities are reduced, and hence more steam is required to accomplish the
Gas Turbine Exhaust Treatment 139 same amount of NO x reduction. Steam flow requirements are nominally 1.5-2.0 times those required for water injection. The steam injection rate for a typical aeroderivative gas turbine operating at 25 megawatts is 3.3% of the compressor inlet air flow. As a function of mass flow (steam to fuel), ratios of up to 2.4 by weight have been used 10 . However, there is also a limit to the amount of steam that may be injected into the gas turbine in general, and into the primary combustor zone in particular. The maximum total steam injection into the gas turbine is between 5% and 20% of existing air flow. The allowable amount of steam to be injected into the combustor primary zone is limited by the flameout characteristics of the combustor. Also the allowable amount of steam injected for power augmentation is set by mechanical considerations and compressor pressure ratio limitations. On a per-pound basis, steam contains more expansion energy than air; the Cp of steam is approximately twice the Cp of air. The power output gain from steam injection is about 4% for each 1% of steam injected (where % of steam injected refers to main turbine flow). The following graph (Figure 9-5) shows the effect of a constant 5% steam injection on the load carrying ability of a typical gas turbine. For comparative purposes, the output variation with ambient temperature is shown for the same turbine without steam injection. SELECTIVE CATALYTIC REDUCTION Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) is a process in which NO x is removed from the exhaust gas stream by the injection of ammonia (NH 3 ) into the stream and the subsequent chemical reaction in the presence of a catalyst. For a given gas condition (temperature, gas composition, etc.) the performance of the SCR is a function of the catalyst type and geometry, the residence time of the gas in the reactor, and the amount of ammonia injected upstream of the reactor. Selection of the catalyst is specific to the temperature in which it is expected to operate. The ammonia utilized in the process may be either anhydrous or aqueous. The injection systems differ slightly depending on the type of ammonia injected. The basic chemical reactions 11 are:
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Dedication This book is dedicated t
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Contents PREFACE ..................
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Chapter 13—BOROSCOPE INSPECTION .
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Preface to the Third Edition The ne
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Acknowledgments I wish to thank the
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Appendix A-2 304 Gas Turbine Handbo
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5. Weather Hood Material __________
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Appendix C-6 Air/Oil Cooler Specifi
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9. Drive Requirements A. Hydraulic
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22. Packaging For Shipment Per Spec
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Parameters Units NH 3 CO H 2 CH 4 C
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.055 Parameters Units 1/0 .88/.12 .
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Koppers Foster Blue Coal Gas Winkle
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Gas Turbine Handbook : Principles and Practices

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