Gas Turbine Handbook : Principles and Practices

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154 Gas Turbine Handbook: Principles and Practices overall A-weighted sound level or sound power level is typically used for reporting sound levels. The A-weighted level is commonly denoted simply as the sound level (or power level) given as a decibel level without the suffix (A) added to dB. All sound levels are now implicitly understood to be A-weighted unless it is defined as something else. This simplification is acceptable for generally making a determination as to the amount of acoustical energy a device has near the equipment and out to a moderate distance but is limiting in determining equipment sound levels at large distances. This is because the atmosphere greatly attenuates the middle and high frequencies leaving the low frequencies as the main source of noise. So, at a few hundred meters the overall A-weighted sound level is essentially controlled by the low frequency noise from the equipment. This is most apparent when having to meet very low sound level requirements, say less than 45 dB in a remote area. For this reason, octave band sound power (preferred) or sound pressure levels are required for any detailed noise control modeling and analysis. NOISE CRITERION Before applying noise control or mitigation attributes to the turbine system we first need to know how quiet does it have to be? Environmental sound or noise considerations in the United States is a collection of state, county, and local laws, ordinances, and regulations that range from well written, to well meaning, to woefully inadequate. In many states and communities there are no environmental noise limits and most only have a general nuisance ordinance. The federal government (mainly through the EPA) has provided guidelines and recommendations but there are no federal laws regarding community noise levels as caused by land based industrial sites except for the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) which regulates interstate energy transport (mainly oil and gas pumping stations). Frequently, it is left for the site developer to negotiate with the local permitting board or a state agency what is acceptable for noise emissions and, in a cost driven environment, the minimal is usually done. There are a number of organizations that promulgate environmental noise limits 6-11 and there are two national standards that are readily available; they are the American National
Gas Turbine Acoustics and Noise Control 155 Standards Institute, ANSI B133.8—1977 (R2000) Gas Turbine Installation Sound Emissions, 6 and ANSI S12.9-1998/Part 5, Quantities and Procedures for Description and Measurement of Environmental Sound—Part 5: Sound Level Descriptors for Determination of Compatible Land Use. 7 ANSI B133.8 offers guidelines for developing a criterion and ANSI S12.9 provides guidelines based on land use. One criterion that is most familiar is of course the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (OSHA) 12 that limits employee noise exposure. Frequently, many assume that the sound level limit is 85 dB, which can cause unneeded expenses. OSHA applies a time weighted average such that the total exposure an employee has does not exceed a certain limit; thus, near field sound levels can easily be in excess of 85 or 90 dB without penalty so long as the exposure time is controlled. The following table presents the maximum limits of selected allowable exposure times, but the total employee time weighted average (TWA) level must also be considered. Table 10-2. Maximum Noise Exposure Limits (without hearing protection) ———————————————————————————————— Sound Level, dB 80 85 90 92 95 97 100 102 105 110 115 ———————————————————————————————— Exposure Time, hours 32 16 8 6 4 3 2 1.5 1 0.5 0.25 ———————————————————————————————— The OSHA action level is one-half the allowable time exposure so when an employee is exposed to 85 dB for 8 hours or more (TWA > 85 dB) then the employer shall administer a continuing, effective hearing conservation program including providing hearing protection at no cost to employees. For convenience, the threshold action levels are listed in the following table. Table 10-3. OSHA TWA “Action Level” Thresholds ———————————————————————————————— Sound Level, L A (dB) 80 85 90 92 95 97 100 102 105 110 115 ———————————————————————————————— Exposure Time, T (hrs.) 16 8 4 3 2 1.5 1 .75 0.5 0.25 0.125 ————————————————————————————————
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Gas Turbine Handbook: Principles an
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Gas Turbine Handbook: Principles an
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Dedication This book is dedicated t
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Contents PREFACE ..................
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Chapter 13—BOROSCOPE INSPECTION .
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Preface to the Third Edition The ne
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Acknowledgments I wish to thank the
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2 Gas Turbine Handbook: Principles
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Appendix A-2 304 Gas Turbine Handbo
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5. Weather Hood Material __________
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Appendix C-6 Air/Oil Cooler Specifi
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9. Drive Requirements A. Hydraulic
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22. Packaging For Shipment Per Spec
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Parameters Units NH 3 CO H 2 CH 4 C
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.055 Parameters Units 1/0 .88/.12 .
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Koppers Foster Blue Coal Gas Winkle
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