Gas Turbine Handbook : Principles and Practices

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198 Gas Turbine Handbook: Principles and Practices Figure 12-9. Dual spool gas turbine estimated parameter changes with high compressor efficiency changes. dump huge quantities of salt into the turbine resulting in accelerated sulfidation corrosion. In some cases, it is recommended that the turbine also be washed after the compressor is washed. Note: Impact damage to compressor blades can mimic compressor fouling.
Detectable Problems 199 COMBUSTOR DISTRESS AND PLUGGED FUEL NOZZLES Plugged nozzles and/or combustor and transition piece failures will always result in distorted exhaust gas temperature patterns. Sometimes an increase in fuel flow can be seen, depending on the severity of the damage. Changes in burner efficiency produce no appreciable change in other parameters (Figure 12-10). An obvious indicator of plugged nozzles or combustor damage is a distorted temperature pattern or profile accompanied by a change in this profile with power changes. This is a result of the swirl effect through the turbine from the combustor to the exhaust gas temperature-measuring plane (Figure 12-11). Distortion in the temperature pattern or temperature profile not only affects combustor performance but can have a far reaching impact on the turbine. Turbine blades can be excited both thermally and structurally by radial variations in temperature or flow. For example, a dramatic failure of a gas turbine with only 800 operating hours was due to the failure of a portion of the combustor liner. The failed liner material lodged against the first stage turbine nozzle and blocked airflow to that quadrant of the turbine. The subsequent cycling, with each revolution of the turbine wheel, led to thermal fatigue failure of forth stage turbine blades at the blade root. The failed blades so unbalanced the rotor as to dynamically fail the bearings resulting in further damage and fire. The damage, after the liner had failed, could have been avoided if operations had been monitoring the exhaust gas temperature profile. Fortunately disaster was averted on a similar unit when the distortion in the temperature profile led to the shutdown and inspection of this unit. The combustion liner had failed in the same place and lodged against the first stage turbine nozzles. FOREIGN/DOMESTIC OBJECT DAMAGE Foreign Object Damage (FOD) is defined as material (nuts, bolts, ice, etc.) ingested into the engine from outside the engine envelope. Domestic Object Damage (DOD) is defined as objects from any other part of the engine itself. Statistically foreign or domestic object damage accounts for 10.5% of gas turbine failures. 3 Most of the impact incidents are the result of small loose parts within the engine. These parts are either left in the engine during the build or
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Gas Turbine Handbook: Principles an
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Dedication This book is dedicated t
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Contents PREFACE ..................
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Chapter 13—BOROSCOPE INSPECTION .
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Preface to the Third Edition The ne
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Acknowledgments I wish to thank the
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2 Gas Turbine Handbook: Principles
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Figure 2-3. Courtesy of United Tech
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100 Gas Turbine Handbook: Principle
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Chart 8-1 Gas Turbine Environments
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Appendix A-2 304 Gas Turbine Handbo
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5. Weather Hood Material __________
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Appendix C-6 Air/Oil Cooler Specifi
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9. Drive Requirements A. Hydraulic
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22. Packaging For Shipment Per Spec
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Parameters Units NH 3 CO H 2 CH 4 C
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.055 Parameters Units 1/0 .88/.12 .
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Koppers Foster Blue Coal Gas Winkle
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