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102 A comparison of spectral amplitudes of noise of various recorders with those typical of recorded strong earthquake ground motion for magnitudes 4 < M < 7 and for frequencies 0.1
103 digitization scheme. The computer programs (Trifunac and Lee, 1973) were first written for the IBM 7094 and IBM 360 computers. These programs involved the following steps: (i) Volume I Processing (scaled data; Hudson et al, 1969): The half-second timing marks are first checked for "evenness" of spacing, and then smoothed by a 1/4, 1/2, 1/4 running average filter. The ^-coordinates of each trace are next scaled to units of time in seconds. Each fixed trace (baseline) is smoothed and subtracted from the corresponding acceleration trace, with the ^-coordinates subsequently scaled to units g/10 (g = 9.81 m/s 2 ). (ii) Volume II Processing (corrected data; Hudson et al., 1971): The scaled uncorrected Volume I acceleration data is next corrected for instrument response (Trifunac, 1972) and baseline adjustment (Trifunac, 1970; 1971). The data is first low-pass filtered with an Ormsby filter having a cutoff frequency f c = 25 Hz and a roll-off termination frequency / = 27 Hz. Instrument correction is next performed using the instrument constants. These constants are the natural frequency and ratio of critical damping of the instrument, considered as a single-degree-of-freedom system (Trifunac and Hudson, 1970; Todorovska, 1998). These are determined from calibration tests for each accelerograph transducer. The data is then baseline corrected by a high-pass Ormsby filter. The cutoff and roll-off frequencies of the filter are usually determined from the signal-to-noise ratio of each component (Trifunac and Lee, 1978). The acceleration data is then integrated twice to get velocity and displacement. To avoid long period errors resulting from uncertainties in estimating the initial values of velocity and displacement, the computed velocities and displacements are high-pass filtered at each stage of integration, using the Ormsby filter with the same cutoff and roll-off frequencies as for the corrected accelerogram (Hudson et al., 1971). (in) Volume III Processing (response spectra; Hudson et aL, 1972a): Using an approach based on an exact analytical solution of the Duhamel integral for successive linear segments of excitation, the Fourier and Response Spectra for up to 91 periods and 5 damping ratios are calculated. The times of maximum response for all periods and damping ratios are also recorded (Lee and Trifunac, 1979; 1986). Following the development of the automatic digitization system (Trifunac and Lee, 1979), the above computer programs, originally developed in 1969/70 (Trifunac and Lee 1973), were modified in 1978/79 (Trifunac and Lee 1979) to run on a Data General mini computer. The new approach, which took advantage of image processing techniques, increased the speed of the overall data processing by one order of magnitude (Fig. 1). (iv) Volume IVProcessing (Fourier amplitude spectra; Hudson et al., 1972b) Using the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithms (Cooley and Tukey, 1965) for applications that require equally spaced data on Fourier amplitude spectra, Volume IV data were computed and presented in the series of "Blue Book Data Reports" since 1972. This data was used in numerous empirical studies of Fourier spectrum amplitudes. It offered an opportunity to routinely identify significant frequencies in the records using Fisher (1929) test of significance in harmonic analyses. At present, Volume IV data processing is not performed routinely because of
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Proceedings of the International Co
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vw:. PREFACE Dunng a time when eart
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OPENING ADDRESS By Prof. Yuchen Liu
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Vll scientific support in our call
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IX INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE
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XI Engineering Seismology and Geote
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Xlll Progress in the Seismic Design
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XV Crustal Deformation Measurement
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Legal Impediments There are many im
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expectation of (i) expanding the fr
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10 Some applications of wireless te
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12 Smart Materials Smart materials,
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14 research and education in a mult
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19 On September 16, 1994, buildings
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21 Some people were injured while t
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23 tallest buildings in Hong Kong w
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25 Figure 12. Tsim Sha Tsui East an
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27 OTHER ONGOING WORKS Soil-pile-st
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29 Figure 18. The pounding experime
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31 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The writers are
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35 Table 1. Records Used in the Dev
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37 Date 8/19/1976 10/5/1977 12/16/1
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39 (2) Here Y is the ground motion
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41 1 2 3 4567810 20 3040 SO 100 200
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43 of the resultant horizontal comp
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45 200 006 005 004 003 002 Rock, Mw
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47 en o_ KOCAELI DATA (Random Hor C
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Atkinson G.M., Boore D.M., Some Com
Page 68 and 69: 52 BACKGROUND AND SCOPES In order t
Page 70 and 71: configurations of cylinder, and it
Page 72 and 73: l 56 X xT / ^ V^—Ê-^/i / X\ - yX
Page 74 and 75: 58 59-74 (in Japanese) [7] ISHIKAWA
Page 76 and 77: 60 accuracy and efficiency, have no
Page 78 and 79: 62 f •c J — c. p «3 no Fig. 2
Page 80 and 81: 64 VARIOUS TESTS AND DISSEMINATION
Page 82 and 83: 66 response.. The post-earthquake i
Page 85 and 86: Proceedings of the International Co
Page 87 and 88: 71 with the potential for self-diag
Page 89 and 90: 73 Semi-active Hydraulic (SHD) Cont
Page 91 and 92: 75 Table 1 Buildings currently unde
Page 93 and 94: 77 and the inside of the damper cyl
Page 95 and 96: 79 Figure 16. MR damper installatio
Page 97 and 98: 81 sensors. New algorithms must be
Page 99 and 100: 83 Kobon T. (1998). Mission and per
Page 103 and 104: 87 for a period range less than 3.0
Page 105 and 106: 89 tens or more than a hundred acce
Page 107 and 108: 91 In order to validate the conclus
Page 109 and 110: 93 Distance (km) """"--Âcc. (g) Ma
Page 111 and 112: 95 CONCLUSION In this paper the imp
Page 113: ENGINEERING SEISMOLOGY AND GEOTECHN
Page 116 and 117: 100 analyses. This paper reviews th
Page 120 and 121: 104 the high speed with which FFT c
Page 122 and 123: 106 8. Gold, B. and C.M. Rader (197
Page 124 and 125: 108 Displacement Curves", Dept. of
Page 126 and 127: I 000,000 100,000 Number of uniform
Page 128 and 129: Response and Fourier Spectra of Dig
Page 130 and 131: 114 10 3 10 2 r | I lll| I | I | I
Page 132 and 133: 116 analysis. Other techniques incl
Page 134 and 135: It has been found that G max applie
Page 136 and 137: 120 PALEOLIQUEFACTION STUDIES IN ME
Page 138 and 139: Jardine, R.J., Potts, D.M., StJohn,
Page 140 and 141: 124 has received more attention. In
Page 142 and 143: 126 and log A tQ (/) is the mean so
Page 144 and 145: 128 O 10 s Frequency (Hz) Frequency
Page 146 and 147: 130 geometrical coefficient is near
Page 148 and 149: 132 optimizing method in many engin
Page 150 and 151: 134 Type-2 Fig.5 Three dimensional
Page 152 and 153: 136 plane plane sliding x-z section
Page 157 and 158: 141 1. System Definition define sys
Page 159 and 160: 143 f«l-.J WJjfc >. « Relations -
Page 161 and 162: 145 DS-5 Response Simulation across
Page 163 and 164: 147 CM 1 CM 2 CM 3 CM-4 CM-5 CM-6 H
Page 167 and 168: 151 Number of Pixels (Frequency) Th
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153 Red: possible impacted areas Gr
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155 Low reliability -(water-reflect
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Modem or Router Dial-up ISP The Int
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from observed images Fig 5 shows th
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163 Picked up building from image p
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167 evaluated by Seed's approximate
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169 R(z,N)is reached to 1 or more,
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171 subsoil and combined with the n
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174 defined target. Performance-bas
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176 (probability of being in or exc
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178 start to dominate the hazard at
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180 MAX STORY DUCTILITY vs NORM. ST
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185 Decision Making Support Tool' U
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189 31 Array Liujiaxia Reservoir Ar
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191 IV STATION YM kCED INTERVALS OF
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193 at different stations, the diff
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197 PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES Earthqu
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199 Database s*n/ar_- ^ " Applicati
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201 o Fig. 7 VRML authoring - model
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SMART MATERIALS AND SMART STRUCTURE
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209 vector of measured control forc
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211 To examine the effect of the co
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213 from Fig. 2, we can get the res
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Proceedings of the Intel-national C
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217 where gjî = g(X fcTl , F^+ît
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219 3 360 Deg. Fault Normal (Jan. 1
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221 Earthquake Sylmar 90 Sylinar 90
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225 0.6965, and 0.7094 Hz, which ar
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227 Two displacement sensors are po
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229 14% to 45% (under El Centre ear
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233 g ^ w (4) Notice that the stabi
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235 modes. An energy drop will be o
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237 PPF controller. The second mode
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241 In order to determine the appar
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243 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Figure
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245 100 150 200 250 300 Magnetic Fl
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249 WOLFE, MASRI, CAFFREY Synthetic
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251 WOLFE, MASRI, CAFFREY Transform
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253 WOLFE MASRI,CAFFREY in parallel
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STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
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258 separating the above three effe
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260 200 300 400 SHAKE Computed RSD^
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262 where H b is the building heigh
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264 6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The work de
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266 The objectives of this paper pr
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268 The comparison between abovemen
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270 determine the span of the state
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the assumption of the bi-linear for
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274 There are several outstanding e
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276 buildings with different concre
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278 160,000 - 140,000 _^ d Concrete
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280 responded in a fairly similar m
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282 CONCLUSIONS In this paper, the
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284 Li B, Park, R. and Tanaka, H. (
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For simplicity, a linear distributi
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equation can be re- written as: 288
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290 DESIGN BASE SHEAR Equating the
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292 by using the computer program S
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294 mutation. Elitist strategy mean
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296 2.3 Premature Judgment and Comb
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298 (3) F 3 : De Jone's F 5 3 (Shek
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300 3.3 Test Conclusions From the t
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30; excitation. Also, the software
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304 concrete frames as documented i
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30€ NEURAL NETWORKS Development I
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308 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The research r
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310 In order to ensure the entire s
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312 Examples of Seismic Design In K
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314 earthquake load can be reduced
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Proceedings of the Intel national C
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319 broken. Therefore, joint elemen
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321 the highest probability to get
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325 DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS Overview
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327 Strength Degradation The streng
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I 329 file £dit Vww Select Constru
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333 (1) (2) Where f t and _/£ are
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335 JL dalt (10) Where Solution of
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337 Fig.9 Distribution of first pri
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341 DISPLACMENT-BASED NSF In this p
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343 Define the displacement of the
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345 EXAMPLE The nonlinear static an
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347 REFERENCE Code for seismic desi
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350 including Hong Kong are conside
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352 structural engineers. Although
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354 4) Structural characteristics R
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356 maintain economy of design but
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358 R C3&OC11 L8C34 USC3 •••
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363 DISPLACEMENT CALCULATION FOR GR
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365 As shown in the figure, a model
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367 history of a design earthquake
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371 reflects the structure's useful
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373 have a membership degree betwee
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375 of initialization of structure,
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377 REFERENCE Zadeh, L A (1965), "F
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.0,(r+l,,)] (0 + A (3) 383 -l.y)] (
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385 The first example is come from
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387 REFERENCES Leroueil, S. (2001).
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391 maximum friction force and ther
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393 the stiffness of the bracing an
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395 splacemen (m) Bared —Braced/D
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399 Figure 1: Two-surface Model Def
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401 time, one must integrate over t
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403 CONCLUSIONS In the previous sec
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407 Response Control by Magneto-Rhe
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409 s e a ooo j| soo y 0 c l83Hz ,5
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411 *fU O A 20 7 HA I , 2 4A .'.-%-
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415 Wind Velocity (t J Relative Dis
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417 Fig. 5 4ttractor (time lag=l) F
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419 concluded that the real time re
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422 (LQR/LQG), H M and the instanta
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424 damping ratio provided by the c
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426 by Eqn. 2.9 and Eqn. 2.12, resp
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428 Fig.5.4 shows the comparison of
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Innovation is driving control devic
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432 STRUCTURAL ENERGY DURING VIBRAT
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434 Equilibrium Price of Power With
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436 CONCLUSION The scope of this re
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438 The effectiveness of the seismi
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440 anti-symmetnc mode excited by t
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442 Base Isolation System The base
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444 each member along or adjacent t
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446 2 PROJECT PARTICIPANTS Concerni
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448 3.1.2 Investigations at Seyhan
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450 Fig. 4.2: principle drawing of
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452 no TMD — TMD with optimal tun
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454 In this paper, a stochastic opt
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456 The dynamical programming equat
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458 control strategy. Model reducti
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460 (AMDs) and the proposed control
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465 Specimen 1 Specimen 1 represent
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467 increased the beam moment stren
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469 3 4@8 ~T / C 4 #5 #3 stirrups 8
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473 Phase 2: The sliding of the bot
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475 4.2 Effect of Coefficient of Fr
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477 -ZETA=Q 05 -ZETA=010 -ZETA=015
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479 031 en 03 0029 P |Q 28 ~*—MR=
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482 stiffness or coefficient of vis
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484 solved for the Hamilton Jacobi-
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486 posed to be the accelerations o
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488 vlaxacccleiation [my O O O O
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490 INTRODUCTION In recent years, t
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492 Since earthquake motion has bee
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494 confirmed in the X direction. B
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496 yielding metallic dampers, and
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498 where the coefficients a m and
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500 modal damping ratio of 2% in ea
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502 CONCLUDING REMARKS The paper re
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504 semi-active and hybrid control
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506 Iiz2i(t)l
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508 defined as 114 - [ J* [•] 2 d
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Spencer, B.F., Jr. and Sain, M.K. (
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512 with the rapid success of seism
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Figure 3 summarizes the static push
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CONCLUSIONS 516 This paper presents
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518 1 OS h : 0 6 5 5 04 Transverse
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520 TABLE 1 REPRESENTATIVE MULTISTO
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522 obtained by simply averaging a
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524 levels of peak ground accelerat
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526 8 CONCLUSIONS This paper gives
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531 350.6m 142.7m .0130') i (468')
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533 cation corresponds to a node of
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535 listed separately. Vertical mod
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539 in which H = [H(t l ), H(t 2 ),
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541 identification results of struc
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543 history to be polluted. In the
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548 environment constraints and the
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550 where F is the fundamental matr
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552 drift ratio was determined as Y
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554 were observed in the vision-sys
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556 The most well-known Bayesian so
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558 achieved by the EKF estimates I
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560 0 2 4 5 3 10 12 14 16 18 20 0 2
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562 CONCLUSION In this study, the r
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564 Figure 1 - Prototype wireless s
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566 will vary from that of the ARX
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568 A 11 25" 11 25" 1 T 1 11 25* !
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570 CONCLUSION The realization of a
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572 the structural response and ret
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574 The ratios of base shear at dif
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576 SECTION A-A COLUMN DETAIL AT TO
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578 Stress Strain Fig. 6 Superelast
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580 Genetic Algorithm(GA) and the M
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582 IDENTIFICATION ALGORITHM State
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584 the simulated structural respon
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586 GA-MCF, the number of particles
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588 instrumentation to monitor and
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590 If we compare this peak value w
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592 2.3 Sampling rate Structural mo
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594 Any remote station that has the
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596 or receives environmental infor
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598 Comparisons of Proposed E-Monit
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600 LCD display Earthquake Warning
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605 Kishwaukee River Bridge consist
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607 the table, the monthly maximum
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609 3.2 L VDTData Analysis LVDT sen
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structural response energy with fre
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615 Table 1: Fundamental natural fr
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617 JUSTS rs s." WUUR. 4 20O2 IS 44
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1-1 INDEX OF CONTRIBUTORS Volumes I
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Ths OOO F X ^s dje foe return 01 ê
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