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history of a design earthquake is a modified version of a previous earthquake at the same site or a record
of earthquake from a place with similar geological conditions. As an earthquake in the field never repeat
itself even at the same site, wise engineenng judgment is needed in choosing such an design earthquake.
CONCLUSIONS
The recently emerged design approach of performance-based design can be applied to seismic resistant
design of gravity type retaining walls. From the discussions and the example presented in this paper, the
following conclusions can be made:
1) Performance-based design emphasizes on limiting deformation of the structure rather than
avoiding displacement completely as in the traditional limit-equilibrium type of design
approach.
2) The most crucial step in the performance-based design of gravity retaining wall in seismic area
is to develop reliable procedures that can calculate sliding, rotating or coupled sliding and
rotating displacements. Traditional sliding block method, rotating block method, or
comprehensive numerical procedures can be used. Physical modeling techniques also have an
important role.
3) From the example presented in the paper, it seems that a performance-based design can lead to
a more economical solution. However, the accurate application of such design concept requires
the complete time history of the design earthquake be known, which can be difficult to obtain
and at the same time bring in some uncertainties.
References
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sliding block analysis, Report 5, Miscellaneous Paper S-71-27, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Waterway
Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Mississippi.
lai, S. and Ichii, K. (1998). Performance based design for port structures, Proceedings of UJNR 30 th Joint
Meeting of United States-Japan Panel on Wind and Seismic Effects, Gaithersburg, NIST (3-5), 1-13.
Inagaki, H., lai, S., Sugano, T., Yamazaki, H. and Inatomi, T. (1996). Performance of caisson type quay
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International Navigation Association (2001). Seismic design guidelines for port structures, A.A. Balkema
Publishers, Netherlands.
Madabhushi, S.P.G. and Zeng, X. (1998). Seismic response of gravity quay walls. II: numerical modeling,
Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE, 124:5,418-427.