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404 Constantinou, M.C., Soong, T.T. and Dargush, G.F. (1998), Passive Energy Dissipation Systems for Structural Design and Retrofit, Monograph No. 1, Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Buffalo, NY. Dargush, G.F., Cho, H. and Sant, R.S. (2002), Cyclic Elastoplastic Analysis of Metallic Dampers for Seismic Energy Dissipation, Seventh U.S. Nat. Conf. Earthquake Engrg., EERI, Boston, MA. Dargush, G.F. and Soong, T.T. (1995), Behavior of Metallic Plate Dampers in Seismic Passive Energy Dissipation Systems, Earthquake Spectra, 11, 545-568. Kasai, K., Munshi, J.A., Lai, M.L. and Maison, B.F. (1993), Viscoelastic Damper Hysteretic Model: Theory, Experiment and Application, Proc. ATC 17-1 on Seismic Isolation, Energy Dissipation, and Active Control, San Francisco, CA, 2, 521-532. Krieg, R.D. (1975), A Practical Two Surface Plasticity Theory, J. Appl Mech., ASME, E42, 641-646. Makris, N. and Constantinou, M.C. (1991), Fractional-Derivative Maxwell Model for Viscous Dampers, J. Struct Engrg., ASCE, 117(9), 2708-2724. Makris, N., Constantinou, M.C. and Dargush, G.F. (1993), Analytical Model for Viscoelastic Fluid Dampers, J. Struct. Engrg., ASCE, 119(11), 3310-3325. Makris, N., Dargush, G.F. and Constantinou, M.C. (1995), Dynamic Analysis of Viscoelastic Fluid Dampers, J. Engrg. Mech., ASCE, 121(10), 1114-1121. Marioni, A. (1991), Antiseismic Bearing Devices on the Mortaiolo Viaduct, Third World Congress on Joint Sealing and Bearing Systems for Concrete Structures, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 1263-1280. Marquardt, D.W. (1963), An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters, J. Soc. Ind Appl. Math., 11(2), 431-441. Radhakrishnan, R. (2000), Coupled Thermomechanical Analysis of Viscoelastic Dampers, M.S. Thesis, University at Buffalo, NY. Sant, R.S. (2002), Evolutionary Structural Optimization for Aseismic Design, Ph.D. Dissertation, University at Buffalo, NY. Shen, K.L. and Soong, T.T. (1995), Modeling of Viscoelastic Dampers for Structural Applications, J. Engrg. Mech., 121(6), 694-701. Skinner, R.I., Robinson, W.H., and McVerry, G.H. (1993), An Introduction to Seismic Isolation, Wiley, Chichester and New York. Soong, T.T. (1990), Active Structural Control: Theory and Practice, Longman London and Wilev y New York. Soong, T.T. and Dargush, G.F. (1997), Passive Energy Dissipation Systems in Structural Engineering, Wiley, London and New York. Tsai, K.C., Chen, H.W., Hong, C.P. and Su, Y.F. (1993), Design of Steel Triangular Plate Energy Absorbers for Seismic-Resistant Construction, Earthquake Spectra, 9(3), 505-528.
Proceedings of the International Conference on Advances and New Challenges in Earthquake Engineering Research, Hong Kong Volume LARGE-SCALE TESTS ON SMART STRUCTURES AND SEMI-ACTIVE CONTROL BY MR DAMPER H. Fujitani 1 , T. Azuhata 1 , K. Morita 2 , T. Hiwatashi 3 , Y. Shiozaki 3 , K. Hata 4 , K. Sunakoda 5 , and C. Minowa 6 1 Department of Structural Engineering, Building Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan 2 National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, Tsukuba, Japan 3 Visiting Researcher, Department of Structural Engineering, Building Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan 4 Director, Central Research & Development Division, Bando Chemical Industries, Ltd. Kobe, Japan 5 Senior General Manager, Engineering Division, Sanwa TekM Corporation, Tokyo, Japan 6 National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, Tsukuba, Japan ABSTRACT The objectives of these large-scale tests are to confirm the effectiveness of several proposed smart materials, members and structural systems. The tests were conducted on the shaking table of the test facility of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (NIED), Tsukuba, Japan. It has a maximum displacement of 22 cm, a maximum velocity of 75 cm/s, and a maximum weight of 500 ton. The following test series was conducted: 1) semi-active control by MR dampers (base-isolation system and seismic control system), 2) damage detection system (identification of damaged members and evaluation of new sensors), 3) rocking energy dissipation system (lift-up system). In this paper, the test methods of semi-active control by an MR damper are discussed as the main subject. An MR damper changes its damping force by changing the magnetic field acting on the MR fluid according to an electric current. Semi-active control using an MR damper stabilizes building responses in an earthquake better than the conventional passive control. The MR damper's basic characteristics have been clarified. This paper outlines the objectives of the large-scale tests, the design of the test frame for each objective and test methods of semi-active control by an MR damper.
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Proceedings of the International Co
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vw:. PREFACE Dunng a time when eart
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OPENING ADDRESS By Prof. Yuchen Liu
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Vll scientific support in our call
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IX INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE
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XI Engineering Seismology and Geote
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Xlll Progress in the Seismic Design
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XV Crustal Deformation Measurement
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Legal Impediments There are many im
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expectation of (i) expanding the fr
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10 Some applications of wireless te
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12 Smart Materials Smart materials,
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14 research and education in a mult
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19 On September 16, 1994, buildings
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21 Some people were injured while t
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23 tallest buildings in Hong Kong w
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25 Figure 12. Tsim Sha Tsui East an
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27 OTHER ONGOING WORKS Soil-pile-st
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29 Figure 18. The pounding experime
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31 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The writers are
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35 Table 1. Records Used in the Dev
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37 Date 8/19/1976 10/5/1977 12/16/1
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39 (2) Here Y is the ground motion
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41 1 2 3 4567810 20 3040 SO 100 200
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43 of the resultant horizontal comp
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45 200 006 005 004 003 002 Rock, Mw
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47 en o_ KOCAELI DATA (Random Hor C
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Atkinson G.M., Boore D.M., Some Com
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52 BACKGROUND AND SCOPES In order t
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configurations of cylinder, and it
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l 56 X xT / ^ V^—Ê-^/i / X\ - yX
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58 59-74 (in Japanese) [7] ISHIKAWA
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60 accuracy and efficiency, have no
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62 f •c J — c. p «3 no Fig. 2
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64 VARIOUS TESTS AND DISSEMINATION
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66 response.. The post-earthquake i
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71 with the potential for self-diag
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73 Semi-active Hydraulic (SHD) Cont
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75 Table 1 Buildings currently unde
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77 and the inside of the damper cyl
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79 Figure 16. MR damper installatio
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81 sensors. New algorithms must be
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83 Kobon T. (1998). Mission and per
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87 for a period range less than 3.0
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89 tens or more than a hundred acce
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91 In order to validate the conclus
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93 Distance (km) """"--Âcc. (g) Ma
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95 CONCLUSION In this paper the imp
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ENGINEERING SEISMOLOGY AND GEOTECHN
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100 analyses. This paper reviews th
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102 A comparison of spectral amplit
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104 the high speed with which FFT c
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106 8. Gold, B. and C.M. Rader (197
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108 Displacement Curves", Dept. of
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I 000,000 100,000 Number of uniform
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Response and Fourier Spectra of Dig
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114 10 3 10 2 r | I lll| I | I | I
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116 analysis. Other techniques incl
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It has been found that G max applie
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120 PALEOLIQUEFACTION STUDIES IN ME
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Jardine, R.J., Potts, D.M., StJohn,
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124 has received more attention. In
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126 and log A tQ (/) is the mean so
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128 O 10 s Frequency (Hz) Frequency
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130 geometrical coefficient is near
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132 optimizing method in many engin
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134 Type-2 Fig.5 Three dimensional
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136 plane plane sliding x-z section
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141 1. System Definition define sys
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143 f«l-.J WJjfc >. « Relations -
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145 DS-5 Response Simulation across
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147 CM 1 CM 2 CM 3 CM-4 CM-5 CM-6 H
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151 Number of Pixels (Frequency) Th
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153 Red: possible impacted areas Gr
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155 Low reliability -(water-reflect
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Modem or Router Dial-up ISP The Int
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from observed images Fig 5 shows th
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163 Picked up building from image p
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167 evaluated by Seed's approximate
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169 R(z,N)is reached to 1 or more,
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171 subsoil and combined with the n
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174 defined target. Performance-bas
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176 (probability of being in or exc
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178 start to dominate the hazard at
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180 MAX STORY DUCTILITY vs NORM. ST
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185 Decision Making Support Tool' U
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189 31 Array Liujiaxia Reservoir Ar
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191 IV STATION YM kCED INTERVALS OF
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193 at different stations, the diff
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197 PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES Earthqu
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199 Database s*n/ar_- ^ " Applicati
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201 o Fig. 7 VRML authoring - model
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SMART MATERIALS AND SMART STRUCTURE
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209 vector of measured control forc
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211 To examine the effect of the co
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213 from Fig. 2, we can get the res
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Proceedings of the Intel-national C
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217 where gjî = g(X fcTl , F^+ît
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219 3 360 Deg. Fault Normal (Jan. 1
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221 Earthquake Sylmar 90 Sylinar 90
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225 0.6965, and 0.7094 Hz, which ar
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227 Two displacement sensors are po
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229 14% to 45% (under El Centre ear
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233 g ^ w (4) Notice that the stabi
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235 modes. An energy drop will be o
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237 PPF controller. The second mode
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241 In order to determine the appar
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243 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Figure
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245 100 150 200 250 300 Magnetic Fl
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249 WOLFE, MASRI, CAFFREY Synthetic
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251 WOLFE, MASRI, CAFFREY Transform
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253 WOLFE MASRI,CAFFREY in parallel
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STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
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258 separating the above three effe
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260 200 300 400 SHAKE Computed RSD^
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262 where H b is the building heigh
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264 6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The work de
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266 The objectives of this paper pr
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268 The comparison between abovemen
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270 determine the span of the state
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the assumption of the bi-linear for
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274 There are several outstanding e
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276 buildings with different concre
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278 160,000 - 140,000 _^ d Concrete
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280 responded in a fairly similar m
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282 CONCLUSIONS In this paper, the
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284 Li B, Park, R. and Tanaka, H. (
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For simplicity, a linear distributi
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equation can be re- written as: 288
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290 DESIGN BASE SHEAR Equating the
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292 by using the computer program S
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294 mutation. Elitist strategy mean
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296 2.3 Premature Judgment and Comb
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298 (3) F 3 : De Jone's F 5 3 (Shek
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300 3.3 Test Conclusions From the t
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30; excitation. Also, the software
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304 concrete frames as documented i
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30€ NEURAL NETWORKS Development I
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308 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The research r
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310 In order to ensure the entire s
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312 Examples of Seismic Design In K
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314 earthquake load can be reduced
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Proceedings of the Intel national C
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319 broken. Therefore, joint elemen
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321 the highest probability to get
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325 DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS Overview
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327 Strength Degradation The streng
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I 329 file £dit Vww Select Constru
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333 (1) (2) Where f t and _/£ are
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335 JL dalt (10) Where Solution of
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337 Fig.9 Distribution of first pri
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341 DISPLACMENT-BASED NSF In this p
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343 Define the displacement of the
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345 EXAMPLE The nonlinear static an
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347 REFERENCE Code for seismic desi
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350 including Hong Kong are conside
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352 structural engineers. Although
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Page 372 and 373: 356 maintain economy of design but
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Page 377 and 378: Proceedings of the International Co
Page 379 and 380: 363 DISPLACEMENT CALCULATION FOR GR
Page 381 and 382: 365 As shown in the figure, a model
Page 383 and 384: 367 history of a design earthquake
Page 387 and 388: 371 reflects the structure's useful
Page 389 and 390: 373 have a membership degree betwee
Page 391 and 392: 375 of initialization of structure,
Page 393: 377 REFERENCE Zadeh, L A (1965), "F
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Page 401 and 402: 385 The first example is come from
Page 403 and 404: 387 REFERENCES Leroueil, S. (2001).
Page 407 and 408: 391 maximum friction force and ther
Page 409 and 410: 393 the stiffness of the bracing an
Page 411 and 412: 395 splacemen (m) Bared —Braced/D
Page 415 and 416: 399 Figure 1: Two-surface Model Def
Page 417 and 418: 401 time, one must integrate over t
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Page 423 and 424: 407 Response Control by Magneto-Rhe
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Page 427 and 428: 411 *fU O A 20 7 HA I , 2 4A .'.-%-
Page 431 and 432: 415 Wind Velocity (t J Relative Dis
Page 433 and 434: 417 Fig. 5 4ttractor (time lag=l) F
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Page 440 and 441: 424 damping ratio provided by the c
Page 442 and 443: 426 by Eqn. 2.9 and Eqn. 2.12, resp
Page 444 and 445: 428 Fig.5.4 shows the comparison of
Page 446 and 447: Innovation is driving control devic
Page 448 and 449: 432 STRUCTURAL ENERGY DURING VIBRAT
Page 450 and 451: 434 Equilibrium Price of Power With
Page 452 and 453: 436 CONCLUSION The scope of this re
Page 454 and 455: 438 The effectiveness of the seismi
Page 456 and 457: 440 anti-symmetnc mode excited by t
Page 458 and 459: 442 Base Isolation System The base
Page 460 and 461: 444 each member along or adjacent t
Page 462 and 463: 446 2 PROJECT PARTICIPANTS Concerni
Page 464 and 465: 448 3.1.2 Investigations at Seyhan
Page 466 and 467: 450 Fig. 4.2: principle drawing of
Page 468 and 469: 452 no TMD — TMD with optimal tun
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454 In this paper, a stochastic opt
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456 The dynamical programming equat
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458 control strategy. Model reducti
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460 (AMDs) and the proposed control
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465 Specimen 1 Specimen 1 represent
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467 increased the beam moment stren
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469 3 4@8 ~T / C 4 #5 #3 stirrups 8
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473 Phase 2: The sliding of the bot
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475 4.2 Effect of Coefficient of Fr
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477 -ZETA=Q 05 -ZETA=010 -ZETA=015
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479 031 en 03 0029 P |Q 28 ~*—MR=
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482 stiffness or coefficient of vis
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484 solved for the Hamilton Jacobi-
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486 posed to be the accelerations o
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488 vlaxacccleiation [my O O O O
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490 INTRODUCTION In recent years, t
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492 Since earthquake motion has bee
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494 confirmed in the X direction. B
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496 yielding metallic dampers, and
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498 where the coefficients a m and
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500 modal damping ratio of 2% in ea
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502 CONCLUDING REMARKS The paper re
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504 semi-active and hybrid control
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506 Iiz2i(t)l
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508 defined as 114 - [ J* [•] 2 d
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Spencer, B.F., Jr. and Sain, M.K. (
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512 with the rapid success of seism
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Figure 3 summarizes the static push
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CONCLUSIONS 516 This paper presents
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518 1 OS h : 0 6 5 5 04 Transverse
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520 TABLE 1 REPRESENTATIVE MULTISTO
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522 obtained by simply averaging a
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524 levels of peak ground accelerat
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526 8 CONCLUSIONS This paper gives
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531 350.6m 142.7m .0130') i (468')
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533 cation corresponds to a node of
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535 listed separately. Vertical mod
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539 in which H = [H(t l ), H(t 2 ),
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541 identification results of struc
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543 history to be polluted. In the
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548 environment constraints and the
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550 where F is the fundamental matr
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552 drift ratio was determined as Y
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554 were observed in the vision-sys
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556 The most well-known Bayesian so
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558 achieved by the EKF estimates I
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560 0 2 4 5 3 10 12 14 16 18 20 0 2
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562 CONCLUSION In this study, the r
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564 Figure 1 - Prototype wireless s
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566 will vary from that of the ARX
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568 A 11 25" 11 25" 1 T 1 11 25* !
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570 CONCLUSION The realization of a
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572 the structural response and ret
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574 The ratios of base shear at dif
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576 SECTION A-A COLUMN DETAIL AT TO
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578 Stress Strain Fig. 6 Superelast
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580 Genetic Algorithm(GA) and the M
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582 IDENTIFICATION ALGORITHM State
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584 the simulated structural respon
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586 GA-MCF, the number of particles
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588 instrumentation to monitor and
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590 If we compare this peak value w
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592 2.3 Sampling rate Structural mo
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594 Any remote station that has the
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596 or receives environmental infor
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598 Comparisons of Proposed E-Monit
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600 LCD display Earthquake Warning
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605 Kishwaukee River Bridge consist
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607 the table, the monthly maximum
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609 3.2 L VDTData Analysis LVDT sen
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structural response energy with fre
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615 Table 1: Fundamental natural fr
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617 JUSTS rs s." WUUR. 4 20O2 IS 44
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1-1 INDEX OF CONTRIBUTORS Volumes I
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Ths OOO F X ^s dje foe return 01 ê
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