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544 Time (sec) Time (sec) Time (sec) Fie.3.5 Input ground acceleration Fig.3.6. Estimated ground motion Fig.3.7 Estimated ground motion motion for 5% noise level in NC1 for 3% noise level in NC2 CONCLUSIONS The dynamic compound inverse method has been introduced in this paper for simultaneously identifying the structural parameters and the ground motion using the measured structural .responses only. Numerical examples using a three-story shear building showed that the method could accurately identify the structural parameters and the ground motion simultaneously when the dynamic responses were noise free. For the dynamic responses at the same building floor polluted by the same noise process, the compound inverse method could still accurately identity the building stiffness coefficients but the damping coefficients and the peak acceleration of the ground motion were estimated with some acceptable errors. If the dynamic responses at the same building floor polluted by different noise processes, the maximum identification errors increase moderately for damping coefficients and input peak acceleration but considerably for stiffness coefficients when compared with the case with the same noise process concerned. The extension and the further application of the method are under way. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The writers are grateful for the financial support from Tongji University through a PhD studentship to the first writer and The Hong Kong Polytechnic University through Young Professor Scheme to the third writer. REFERENCES Cho H. N. and Paik S. W (2000), Time domain system identification technique with unknown input and limited observation, Proceedings of 8 th ASCE specially conference on Probabilistic Mechanics and Structural Reliability, PMC2000-190 dough R.W. and Penzien J. (1993), " Dynamics of Structures", 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill, Inc. Hoshiya M. and Sutoh A. (1995), Identification of input and parameters of a MDOF system, Proceedings ofEASEC-5, Gold Coast, Australia, 1309-1314 Hsia T. C. (1977), System identification: least-squares methods, Lexington, Mass Toki K., Sato T. and Kiyono J. (1989), Identification of structural parameters and input ground motion from response time histories, Structural Eng./Earthquake Eng, 6:2, 413-421 Wang D. and Haldar A. (1994), Element-level system identification with unknown input, J. of Engineering Mechanics, ASCE, 120:1, 159-175 Wang D. and Haldar A. (1997), System idetification with limited observation and without input, J of Engineering Mechanics, ASCE, 123:5, 504-511 Yang J. N. and Agrawal A. K. (2000), Protective system for high-technology facilities against microvibration and earthquake, J. of Structural Engineering and Mechanics, 10:6, 561-575
Proceedings of the International Conference on 545 Advances and New Challenges in Earthquake Engineering Research, Hong Kong Volume CRUSTAL DEFORMATION MEASUREMENT WITH SATELLITE RADAR INTEFEROMETRY: A REVIEW XL Ding, YQ Chen, ZL Li, GX Liu and ZW Li Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong ABSTRACT Satellite radar interferometry uses synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images acquired with satellite-borne radars to accurately reveal tiny ground deformations or changes. Due to the unprecedented high resolution, accuracy and ground area coverage of the technology, it has fast become one of the most important technologies for the measurement of earthquake related crustal deformations. Results from such measurement can potentially provide information on stress changes in the crust that are crucial to understand the development of earthquakes. This paper briefly examines the capacity and limitations of the technology, its applications in earthquake related research, and its potential future development.
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Proceedings of the International Co
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vw:. PREFACE Dunng a time when eart
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OPENING ADDRESS By Prof. Yuchen Liu
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Vll scientific support in our call
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IX INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE
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XI Engineering Seismology and Geote
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Xlll Progress in the Seismic Design
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XV Crustal Deformation Measurement
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Legal Impediments There are many im
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expectation of (i) expanding the fr
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10 Some applications of wireless te
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12 Smart Materials Smart materials,
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14 research and education in a mult
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19 On September 16, 1994, buildings
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21 Some people were injured while t
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23 tallest buildings in Hong Kong w
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25 Figure 12. Tsim Sha Tsui East an
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27 OTHER ONGOING WORKS Soil-pile-st
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29 Figure 18. The pounding experime
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31 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The writers are
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35 Table 1. Records Used in the Dev
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37 Date 8/19/1976 10/5/1977 12/16/1
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39 (2) Here Y is the ground motion
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41 1 2 3 4567810 20 3040 SO 100 200
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43 of the resultant horizontal comp
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45 200 006 005 004 003 002 Rock, Mw
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47 en o_ KOCAELI DATA (Random Hor C
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Atkinson G.M., Boore D.M., Some Com
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52 BACKGROUND AND SCOPES In order t
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configurations of cylinder, and it
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l 56 X xT / ^ V^—Ê-^/i / X\ - yX
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58 59-74 (in Japanese) [7] ISHIKAWA
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60 accuracy and efficiency, have no
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62 f •c J — c. p «3 no Fig. 2
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64 VARIOUS TESTS AND DISSEMINATION
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66 response.. The post-earthquake i
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71 with the potential for self-diag
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73 Semi-active Hydraulic (SHD) Cont
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75 Table 1 Buildings currently unde
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77 and the inside of the damper cyl
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79 Figure 16. MR damper installatio
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81 sensors. New algorithms must be
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83 Kobon T. (1998). Mission and per
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87 for a period range less than 3.0
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89 tens or more than a hundred acce
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91 In order to validate the conclus
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93 Distance (km) """"--Âcc. (g) Ma
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95 CONCLUSION In this paper the imp
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ENGINEERING SEISMOLOGY AND GEOTECHN
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100 analyses. This paper reviews th
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102 A comparison of spectral amplit
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104 the high speed with which FFT c
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106 8. Gold, B. and C.M. Rader (197
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108 Displacement Curves", Dept. of
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I 000,000 100,000 Number of uniform
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Response and Fourier Spectra of Dig
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114 10 3 10 2 r | I lll| I | I | I
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116 analysis. Other techniques incl
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It has been found that G max applie
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120 PALEOLIQUEFACTION STUDIES IN ME
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Jardine, R.J., Potts, D.M., StJohn,
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124 has received more attention. In
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126 and log A tQ (/) is the mean so
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128 O 10 s Frequency (Hz) Frequency
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130 geometrical coefficient is near
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132 optimizing method in many engin
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134 Type-2 Fig.5 Three dimensional
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136 plane plane sliding x-z section
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141 1. System Definition define sys
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143 f«l-.J WJjfc >. « Relations -
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145 DS-5 Response Simulation across
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147 CM 1 CM 2 CM 3 CM-4 CM-5 CM-6 H
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151 Number of Pixels (Frequency) Th
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153 Red: possible impacted areas Gr
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155 Low reliability -(water-reflect
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Modem or Router Dial-up ISP The Int
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from observed images Fig 5 shows th
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163 Picked up building from image p
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167 evaluated by Seed's approximate
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169 R(z,N)is reached to 1 or more,
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171 subsoil and combined with the n
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174 defined target. Performance-bas
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176 (probability of being in or exc
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178 start to dominate the hazard at
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180 MAX STORY DUCTILITY vs NORM. ST
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185 Decision Making Support Tool' U
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189 31 Array Liujiaxia Reservoir Ar
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191 IV STATION YM kCED INTERVALS OF
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193 at different stations, the diff
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197 PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES Earthqu
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199 Database s*n/ar_- ^ " Applicati
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201 o Fig. 7 VRML authoring - model
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SMART MATERIALS AND SMART STRUCTURE
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209 vector of measured control forc
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211 To examine the effect of the co
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213 from Fig. 2, we can get the res
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Proceedings of the Intel-national C
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217 where gjî = g(X fcTl , F^+ît
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219 3 360 Deg. Fault Normal (Jan. 1
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221 Earthquake Sylmar 90 Sylinar 90
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225 0.6965, and 0.7094 Hz, which ar
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227 Two displacement sensors are po
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229 14% to 45% (under El Centre ear
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233 g ^ w (4) Notice that the stabi
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235 modes. An energy drop will be o
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237 PPF controller. The second mode
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241 In order to determine the appar
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243 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Figure
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245 100 150 200 250 300 Magnetic Fl
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249 WOLFE, MASRI, CAFFREY Synthetic
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251 WOLFE, MASRI, CAFFREY Transform
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253 WOLFE MASRI,CAFFREY in parallel
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STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
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258 separating the above three effe
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260 200 300 400 SHAKE Computed RSD^
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262 where H b is the building heigh
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264 6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The work de
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266 The objectives of this paper pr
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268 The comparison between abovemen
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270 determine the span of the state
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the assumption of the bi-linear for
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274 There are several outstanding e
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276 buildings with different concre
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278 160,000 - 140,000 _^ d Concrete
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280 responded in a fairly similar m
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282 CONCLUSIONS In this paper, the
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284 Li B, Park, R. and Tanaka, H. (
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For simplicity, a linear distributi
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equation can be re- written as: 288
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290 DESIGN BASE SHEAR Equating the
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292 by using the computer program S
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294 mutation. Elitist strategy mean
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296 2.3 Premature Judgment and Comb
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298 (3) F 3 : De Jone's F 5 3 (Shek
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300 3.3 Test Conclusions From the t
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30; excitation. Also, the software
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304 concrete frames as documented i
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30€ NEURAL NETWORKS Development I
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308 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The research r
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310 In order to ensure the entire s
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312 Examples of Seismic Design In K
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314 earthquake load can be reduced
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Proceedings of the Intel national C
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319 broken. Therefore, joint elemen
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321 the highest probability to get
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325 DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS Overview
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327 Strength Degradation The streng
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I 329 file £dit Vww Select Constru
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333 (1) (2) Where f t and _/£ are
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335 JL dalt (10) Where Solution of
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337 Fig.9 Distribution of first pri
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341 DISPLACMENT-BASED NSF In this p
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343 Define the displacement of the
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345 EXAMPLE The nonlinear static an
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347 REFERENCE Code for seismic desi
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350 including Hong Kong are conside
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352 structural engineers. Although
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354 4) Structural characteristics R
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356 maintain economy of design but
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358 R C3&OC11 L8C34 USC3 •••
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363 DISPLACEMENT CALCULATION FOR GR
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365 As shown in the figure, a model
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367 history of a design earthquake
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371 reflects the structure's useful
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373 have a membership degree betwee
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375 of initialization of structure,
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377 REFERENCE Zadeh, L A (1965), "F
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.0,(r+l,,)] (0 + A (3) 383 -l.y)] (
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385 The first example is come from
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387 REFERENCES Leroueil, S. (2001).
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391 maximum friction force and ther
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393 the stiffness of the bracing an
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395 splacemen (m) Bared —Braced/D
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399 Figure 1: Two-surface Model Def
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401 time, one must integrate over t
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403 CONCLUSIONS In the previous sec
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407 Response Control by Magneto-Rhe
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409 s e a ooo j| soo y 0 c l83Hz ,5
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411 *fU O A 20 7 HA I , 2 4A .'.-%-
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415 Wind Velocity (t J Relative Dis
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417 Fig. 5 4ttractor (time lag=l) F
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419 concluded that the real time re
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422 (LQR/LQG), H M and the instanta
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424 damping ratio provided by the c
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426 by Eqn. 2.9 and Eqn. 2.12, resp
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428 Fig.5.4 shows the comparison of
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Innovation is driving control devic
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432 STRUCTURAL ENERGY DURING VIBRAT
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434 Equilibrium Price of Power With
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436 CONCLUSION The scope of this re
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438 The effectiveness of the seismi
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440 anti-symmetnc mode excited by t
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442 Base Isolation System The base
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444 each member along or adjacent t
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446 2 PROJECT PARTICIPANTS Concerni
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448 3.1.2 Investigations at Seyhan
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450 Fig. 4.2: principle drawing of
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452 no TMD — TMD with optimal tun
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454 In this paper, a stochastic opt
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456 The dynamical programming equat
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458 control strategy. Model reducti
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460 (AMDs) and the proposed control
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465 Specimen 1 Specimen 1 represent
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467 increased the beam moment stren
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469 3 4@8 ~T / C 4 #5 #3 stirrups 8
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473 Phase 2: The sliding of the bot
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475 4.2 Effect of Coefficient of Fr
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477 -ZETA=Q 05 -ZETA=010 -ZETA=015
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479 031 en 03 0029 P |Q 28 ~*—MR=
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482 stiffness or coefficient of vis
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484 solved for the Hamilton Jacobi-
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486 posed to be the accelerations o
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488 vlaxacccleiation [my O O O O
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490 INTRODUCTION In recent years, t
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492 Since earthquake motion has bee
Page 510 and 511: 494 confirmed in the X direction. B
Page 512 and 513: 496 yielding metallic dampers, and
Page 514 and 515: 498 where the coefficients a m and
Page 516 and 517: 500 modal damping ratio of 2% in ea
Page 518 and 519: 502 CONCLUDING REMARKS The paper re
Page 520 and 521: 504 semi-active and hybrid control
Page 522 and 523: 506 Iiz2i(t)l
Page 524 and 525: 508 defined as 114 - [ J* [•] 2 d
Page 526 and 527: Spencer, B.F., Jr. and Sain, M.K. (
Page 528 and 529: 512 with the rapid success of seism
Page 530 and 531: Figure 3 summarizes the static push
Page 532 and 533: CONCLUSIONS 516 This paper presents
Page 534 and 535: 518 1 OS h : 0 6 5 5 04 Transverse
Page 536 and 537: 520 TABLE 1 REPRESENTATIVE MULTISTO
Page 538 and 539: 522 obtained by simply averaging a
Page 540 and 541: 524 levels of peak ground accelerat
Page 542 and 543: 526 8 CONCLUSIONS This paper gives
Page 545 and 546: Proceedings of the International Co
Page 547 and 548: 531 350.6m 142.7m .0130') i (468')
Page 549 and 550: 533 cation corresponds to a node of
Page 551 and 552: 535 listed separately. Vertical mod
Page 553 and 554: Proceedings of the International Co
Page 555 and 556: 539 in which H = [H(t l ), H(t 2 ),
Page 557 and 558: 541 identification results of struc
Page 559: 543 history to be polluted. In the
Page 564 and 565: 548 environment constraints and the
Page 566 and 567: 550 where F is the fundamental matr
Page 568 and 569: 552 drift ratio was determined as Y
Page 570 and 571: 554 were observed in the vision-sys
Page 572 and 573: 556 The most well-known Bayesian so
Page 574 and 575: 558 achieved by the EKF estimates I
Page 576 and 577: 560 0 2 4 5 3 10 12 14 16 18 20 0 2
Page 578 and 579: 562 CONCLUSION In this study, the r
Page 580 and 581: 564 Figure 1 - Prototype wireless s
Page 582 and 583: 566 will vary from that of the ARX
Page 584 and 585: 568 A 11 25" 11 25" 1 T 1 11 25* !
Page 586 and 587: 570 CONCLUSION The realization of a
Page 588 and 589: 572 the structural response and ret
Page 590 and 591: 574 The ratios of base shear at dif
Page 592 and 593: 576 SECTION A-A COLUMN DETAIL AT TO
Page 594 and 595: 578 Stress Strain Fig. 6 Superelast
Page 596 and 597: 580 Genetic Algorithm(GA) and the M
Page 598 and 599: 582 IDENTIFICATION ALGORITHM State
Page 600 and 601: 584 the simulated structural respon
Page 602 and 603: 586 GA-MCF, the number of particles
Page 604 and 605: 588 instrumentation to monitor and
Page 606 and 607: 590 If we compare this peak value w
Page 608 and 609: 592 2.3 Sampling rate Structural mo
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594 Any remote station that has the
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596 or receives environmental infor
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598 Comparisons of Proposed E-Monit
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600 LCD display Earthquake Warning
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605 Kishwaukee River Bridge consist
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607 the table, the monthly maximum
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609 3.2 L VDTData Analysis LVDT sen
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structural response energy with fre
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615 Table 1: Fundamental natural fr
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617 JUSTS rs s." WUUR. 4 20O2 IS 44
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1-1 INDEX OF CONTRIBUTORS Volumes I
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Ths OOO F X ^s dje foe return 01 ê
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